Criminal protection of classified data in computer space

Abstract

Classified data is considered a vital asset in the security, economic and social fields, and any attack on it can cause heavy losses. The computer space, with its features such as transnationality and anonymity, has paved the way for crimes against this data. In fact, the main concern of this research is to answer the question of to what extent the Iranian criminal law system has been able to effectively protect classified data in the computer space by utilizing substantive and formal regulations? The present research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of explaining and analyzing the substantive and formal dimensions of criminal protection of classified data in the computer space and providing legal and legislative solutions to improve the efficiency of the Iranian criminal system in this area. According to the research findings, although Iranian criminal law has covered some of the threats through criminalization and provision of formal mechanisms, it still faces legislative gaps, implementation challenges, and weaknesses in judicial mechanisms that prevent the full realization of criminal protection. Therefore, reviewing existing laws, benefiting from the experiences of other countries, and greater compliance with international documents can be an effective step in ensuring the security of classified data.