Governance and Regulation of Autonomous Weapons and Cybersecurity (2016–2024): The Influence of States, International Organizations, and Civil Society on International Humanitarian Law
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Abstract
Between 2016 and 2024, the rapid development of emerging military technologies, such as lethal autonomous weapons, artificial intelligence applied to warfare, and cyber warfare, has posed significant challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This article critically analyzes the influence of States, international organizations, and civil society in shaping the legal and ethical frameworks addressing these issues. Using a qualitative, hermeneutic approach, it examines global actors’ discourses, principles, and regulatory proposals. The study identifies three key findings: (i) a critical normative gap concerning autonomous systems and cyberconflicts; (ii) the need to reframe the notion of meaningful human control as a substantive legal safeguard; and (iii) the reluctance of technologically advanced States to accept binding frameworks. The discussion highlights the role of civil society as a normative co-designer and proposes a more inclusive, anticipatory, and adaptive global governance. Finally, the article provides recommendations to strengthen multilateral spaces, define clear principles, and promote proactive, ethical, and effective regulation of emerging military technologies