Emerging Technology and Economic Security of the United States: The US Export Control Policy Toward China
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Abstract
Emerging technology has gained prominence in U.S. export controls, particularly following the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act, which includes the Export Control Reform Act (ECRA) and the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA). Influenced by China's draft Export Control Law, these measures underscore a technological rivalry between the U.S. and China dating back to the 1970s. This paper reviews the historical and current U.S. export control systems and U.S.-China relations. The U.S. approach balances national security with economic interests, evolving from Cold War-era policies to recent unilateral measures on emerging technologies. The re-legislation of ECRA in 2018 marks a strategic shift, highlighting China as a key competitor. This legislation aims to enhance control over advanced technologies, reflecting the U.S.'s commitment to maintaining technological leadership and national security amidst global challenges.