Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice
Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice Journal Title: Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice (An international peer-reviewed academic journal) ISSN: 1948-9137, e-ISSN: 2162-2752 Publisher: Auricle Global Society of Education and Research Publisher Address: Y-18-A, Near Sanskar Play School, Sudarshana Nagar, Bikaner, Rajasthan (India), Pin 334004 Publisher E-Mail: publisher@agser.org Frequency: twice a year (July and November) Acceptance Rate (2023): 16% Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice publishes mainly original empirical research and review articles focusing on hot emerging topics, e.g., organizational artificial intelligence governance, mobility justice, machine ethics, online privacy protection behavior, big data-driven algorithmic decision-making, network connectivity systems, automation anxiety, surveillance capitalism, social media regulation, sustainable urban mobility in the sharing economy, etc. This journal considers only manuscripts having a high integrative value in the current Scopus- and Web of Science-indexed literature (i.e., citing preponderantly Q1 and Q2 sources published in the past two years). For collective SLR RTs, we may provide a somewhat standard structure and a list of reliable data visualization and (reporting and methodological) quality assessment tools. Review of Contemporary Philosophy is indexed and/or abstracted in: Academic Search Alumni Edition Academic Search Complete Academic Search Elite Academic Search Premier CEEOL Cengage Learning/Gale CNKI Scholar Crossref DeepDyve Dimensions/Digital Science EBSCOhost EBSCO Discovery Service ERIH PLUS HeinOnline Hinari Index Islamicus International Bibliography of the Social Sciences Legal Collection Political Science ProQuest Scopus SHERPA/RoMEO Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
Auricle Global Society of Education and Research
Managing the Prospects of New Renewable Energy (NRE) Development through the Utilization of Green Ammonia in Indonesia: A Complementary Analysis in Addressing the Energy Crisis
Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges today. Indonesia, as an archipelagic country, is very vulnerable to climate change, and has taken strategic steps to respond to this global dynamic. Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources, especially in terms of mining commodities. To overcome the challenges faced in managing energy resources, one promising approach is the transition from the use of fossil fuels to carbon neutral renewable energy sources. The use of conventional ammonia affects air quality, where as a result of exposure to conventional ammonia the air quality is above the normal threshold. Switching the use of conventional ammonia to green ammonia is a step to reduce air pollution which results in extreme climate change. The use of ammonia must be optimized as an environmentally friendly energy use. It is also important for the government as the regulatory provider to pay attention to the existence of a legal umbrella that regulates green ammonia. Overall, the Indonesian government has issued various policies and regulations to support energy development, especially hydrogen as a raw material for green ammonia and renewable energy.
Actualization of The Court's Role in Combating Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is a transnational crime that continues to rise each year, attracting global attention due to its impact on human rights. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), human trafficking involves acts of violence, coercion, and exploitation that violate fundamental individual rights, particularly targeting women and children as the most vulnerable groups. In Indonesia, this issue is governed by Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking Crimes and various regulations related to child protection. Human trafficking is regarded as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity and respect. Law enforcement against this crime requires an active role of the judiciary in delivering justice for victims who often suffer physical, mental, and socio-economic harm. The 1985 UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power emphasizes the importance of recognizing, protecting, and restoring victims' rights, including those indirectly affected. The role of the judiciary includes applying the principles of utility, justice, and legal protection to reduce the incidence of human trafficking and ensure that victims receive adequate justice and protection.
The Potential Increase Of Penal Burden In 2023 Indonesia Penal Code Book
Every person who wants to relate to or live in a country is certainly important to pay attention to the laws applied in the country. With the enactment of the new Indonesia Penal Code or Criminal Code Book based on Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Penal Code Book (KUHP 2023), it is necessary to observe fundamental and significant changes in the Law in Indonesia, especially on the burden of punishment. The punishment burden is an essential element of Penal Law or Criminal Law. This leads to the analysis of a penal burden. The rationale behind the concept of a penal burden should be emphasized to clarify the definition. A penal burden or also called sentencing weight, a relatively new term, which is a sentencing burden applied in Criminal Law or Penal Law. It is the burden which should be carefully examined and determined by judges sentenced to the crime perpetrator. Thus, it is necessary to observe fundamental and significant changes in the Law in Indonesia after the enactment of KUHP 2023, especially in this study on the changes of the penal burden. By employing normative research methods, including a statutory approach and a concept approach, this study aims to show changes in the existing penal burden in the 2023 Penal Code Book, especially to emphasize the findings that there is a possibility of doubling or even more of the penal burden contained in the 2023 Penal Code Book compared to the previous Penal Code Book. When comparing the condition before and after the enactment of the 2023 Penal Code Book on January 2, 2026; it is found that there is a doubled-increase, or even more, in the risk of perpetrators committing similar crimes. This notion is proven when there is an additional crime in the form of compensation payment of crimes. The amount of the victim's loss is greater than or equal to the amount of the maximum fine according to the offense imposed on the convict. This indicates a considerable increase in risks for offenders after at least January 2, 2026. Increasing the weight of punishment that ensures the return of losses while ensuring the weight of the sentence to be greater than the benefits obtained from the criminal act is an important improvement to ensure a deterrent Penal Law or Criminal Law.
Overcoming Human Trafficking Through Humanity Approach
Human trafficking is one of transnational crimes with the characteristic of human exploitation. This crime injures humanity values; therefore in overcoming it, humanity approach is required in the domains of law and ordinance formulation and enforcement. This article used philosophical approach to the value “Just and civilized humanity” as the ideal law (rechtsidee), conceptual approach to the crime overcoming doctrine, and statute approach prevailing in Indonesia. Overcoming human trafficking through humanity approach is conducted with the principle “Protecting human prestige and dignity, and revitalizing the access of vulnerable person, particularly women and children, to justice. In the transnational context, extradition agreement is required in the attempt of law enforcement supported with Mutual Legal Assistance in the attempt of resolving transnational crime.
E-Governance and Its Impact on the Finances of Local Communities
The use of information and communication technology, computers, and the global network known as the Internet is the defining factor between the developed world and the Third World. Therefore, e-governance has become an inevitable necessity to improve the performance of local communities, particularly in financial aspects. E-governance is also considered an extension and a natural outcome of administrative schools, starting with the classical school, followed by the human relations school, which later evolved into the behavioral school, the quantitative approach, the systems school, the contingency school, and the learning organization approach in the 1980s. E-governance has continued to develop since the 1990s up to the present day.
Time Perception Discrepancies on Instagram: Cognitive and Personality Predictors Among Iranian Users Analyzed with Neural Networks
In 2024, we conducted a study involving 2128 Iranian participants to investigate the discrepancy between perceived and actual time spent on Instagram utilizing cognitive and personality predictors. Participants completed an online questionnaire measuring Executive Function (EF), Introversion/Extroversion, Neuroticism, Emotion Dysregulation, Age, and Sex. We focused on Time Discrepancy, defined as the difference between actual and estimated time spent on Instagram. Using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model, we achieved high accuracy with low Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Relative Error (RE%) values. Our findings highlight significant cognitive and psychological factors influencing social media usage perception, offering insights for interventions in digital environments
Assessing The Potential Of Sustainability Development Goals As An Accountability Tool: Evidence From Indonesia’s Digital Industry
This research study aims to explore the potential role of sustainability development goals as an accountability mechanism and to one sector that is needed because a depth and flexibility required with a new phenomena inductively. Methodology: This research study is using literature review with reporting the particularly interesting both its relevance and context. Results: the following many articles are know about how organizations responsible for technology in the Indonesia by sustainability development goals as an accountability mechanism. To sump up, this research involve sandwich generation as employees, customers, and communities where organization operate that should not only expect, but demand ethic corporate behavior about. Based on the case study, it will provide a broader analysis for the key tensions when use accountability mechanism both business and digital platform areas in Indonesia. Implication: Ultimately, some digital strategy like business areas need more implementation to catch up some access by offline and online with collaboration between government, investors, and organization. Novelty: This research study from an opportunity between economic, management, and accountability mechanism such as new insight, experience, and impact to reach some business concepts and technology by empowering sustainable development goals.
The Substantive Provisions of the Applicability of Optional Wills in Algerian Family Law - A Legal and Sharia Approach
The Algerian legislator opened the chapter of donations with the will, and singled it out in 18 legal articles, which indicates his interest in it, as does the Islamic Sharia, which dealt with all its parts and regulated its terms and conditions. On this basis, the Sharia and the law allowed persons to bequeath their property during their lifetime, but surrounded this will with legal and legal controls, as the voluntary will is considered one of the voluntary acts issued unilaterally as a reason to acquire property in the Civil Code. In general, this study aims to clarify the substantive provisions of the validity of the optional will by enumerating its elements, conditions of validity, and its conclusion, as required by the Sharia and the law, in order to conclude the study on the extent to which the legislative provisions comply with the Sharia objectives
Legal Liability for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Healthcare Sector
The present study aims to shed light on the legal liability associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector by examining both civil and criminal liability related to the deployment of medical robots. The study concluded that AI systems and robots are programmed to perform assigned tasks and objectives autonomously; as such, they are often incapable of responding effectively to unforeseen situations, which may result in undesirable or unlawful outcomes. Consequently, developers, operators, or users of AI technologies may bear responsibility for negligence or lack of competence. The study recommends the establishment of a comprehensive set of guidelines for the use of AI in healthcare, addressing issues of safety, privacy, non-discrimination, and accountability.
Legal Mechanisms for Investment in National Mining Assets in Algeria
Mining assets are considered public property of the state and are protected by law. As a strategic sector, the state attaches great importance to it. Consequently, numerous laws have been enacted to outline the mechanisms for the exploitation of these assets and the methods of investing in them, in a way that allows for revenue generation on the one hand and the preservation of these resources on the other. The activities related to this sector include mineral exploration and mining operations, which aim to extract various discovered but unexploited or newly discovered mineral or fossil materials through such activities.
Legal Defences Against the Athlete’s Tort Liability
An athlete may find themselves exposed to legal liability as a result of their conduct during the practice of sports, whether the liability arises from their own actions or from those of another party presumed to be under their custody, such as an animal or an inanimate object. In such cases, the athlete may be held civilly liable for any resulting damage, based either on presumed or proven fault. The legal mechanisms vary between conventional civil law methods-requiring the plaintiff to prove fault or the defendant to disprove it-and specific tools tailored to the nature of sports activity, such as proving an external cause that beaks the causal link between fault and damage, or demonstrating contributory negligence on the part of the victim. However, within the realm of sports, the athlete may reduce or even eliminate their liability through specific legal means, most notably the theory of risk acceptance, which serves as a distinguishing feature of sports activity compared to other civil obligations.
Aspects of International Criminal Responsibility
International criminal law protects interests related to the sovereignty, entity and independence of states and therefore does not Although states are usually the target and victim of such crimes committed against them, violating their sovereignty, entity, or independence, this does not preclude the possibility of international crimes targeting non-state actors, as these actors have interests protected by international criminal law that relate to the fundamental interests of humanity. The commission of international crimes entails two types of liability. The first is the international criminal liability of the individual who committed the international crime, based on the principle of personal jurisdiction and punishment, as he is considered to have full volition to commit these criminal and prohibited acts. The second form of liability for the commission of these serious crimes is the international liability of the state whose employees and agents commit these crimes in its name and on its behalf. In many cases, this is in implementation of a policy pursued by the state under certain circumstances, crises it is experiencing, or armed conflicts it is waging for one reason or another.
The Role of Algerian Diplomacy in Achieving the PalestinianNational Unity; Algiers Declaration in 2022
This study aims to shed light on the role of Algerian diplomacy in achieving Palestinian national unity. The study discusses the efforts of Algerian diplomacy in reaching an agreement between the conflicting Palestinian factions and examines the reunification initiative announced by Algeria. The Algiers Declaration is the official document that culminated the Palestinian reunification conference held in Algiers in October 2022. The Declaration aims to rebuild Palestinian national unity as the official legitimacy of the Palestinians. It contains nine articles, including a call for the factions to meet under the umbrella of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and to hold presidential and legislative elections. While the Algiers Initiative has received widespread support, it faces challenges to its success. The study recommends the need for realistic follow-up mechanisms to implement the initiative and stresses the importance of the political will of Palestinian faction leaders to achieve Palestinian national unity.
The Bodies Responsible for the Development and Promotion of Investment Under Law No. 22-18 (The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency as a Model)
The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency (AIPA) is a key institution that plays a pivotal role in managing and promoting investment at both the central and local levels in Algeria. Through its core tasks, the Agency aims to provide a favorable investment environment for both local and foreign investors, thereby contributing to the enhancement of economic and social development across the country. At the central level, the Agency coordinates between various government bodies and investors, offering support and guidance on legislation and investment opportunities. At the local level, the Agency helps facilitate administrative procedures, improve technical support services, and foster collaboration between the public and private sectors, all of which contribute to the activation of investment projects in local areas. Through these efforts, the Agency plays a significant role in stimulating investment, diversifying the national economy, and achieving sustainable development. Therefore, the role of the Agency extends beyond simply attracting investments, encompassing their management and development through all stages, from conception to execution.
The Decennial Liability of Real Estate Developers in Algerian Law
The decennial liability is a legally presumed responsibility that applies to all individuals and entities involved in the construction and building sector. This liability has been regulated by mandatory provisions due to the serious consequences that arise from faulty construction on the buyer of the property, who is not required to prove fault. To protect the buyer, Algerian legislation has expanded the circle of individuals responsible under the decennial guarantee. This includes contractors, architects, technical controllers, real estate developers, and anyone else involved through a contract with the employer. However, the scope of the liability has been narrowed to cover only the construction of buildings, permanent structures, and installed equipment, and this guarantee lasts throughout the decennial period, starting from the final acceptance of the work.
New Procedural Mechanisms to Combat the Crime of Unlawful Speculation Under Law 21/15
Through Law 21/15, which addresses the issue of unlawful speculation, the Algerian legislator introduced new mechanisms, both preventive and procedural, as well as penal deterrents to combat unlawful speculation. The law seeks to address this phenomenon in all possible ways and emphasizes the activation of preventive measures aimed at reducing the occurrence of the crime, as outlined in its second chapter. This chapter mandates the state to adopt a national strategy in this regard. Additionally, it establishes bodies that work to ensure a balance between enabling merchants to earn a legitimate profit while maintaining price stability and the availability of consumer goods, in accordance with legislative regulations that define the actions constituting the crime of unlawful speculation.
Smart Contracts: Essence, Legal Nature, Advantages and Disadvantages
Amidst the rapid digital revolution and the swift proliferation of blockchain technologies and their diverse applications, smart contracts have become a focal point for researchers, legislators, and economic practitioners alike. These contracts, with their ability to automate the execution of agreement terms without intermediaries, reduce transaction costs, enhance transparency, and accelerate contractual procedures, offer numerous advantages. Nevertheless, they also raise several legal concerns and challenges, including the lack of consensus regarding their legal nature and their incompatibility with traditional contract theory. Additionally, technical challenges arise due to vulnerabilities to security breaches, inflexibility, and difficulties in modification, among others. Accordingly, this study aims to shed light on this type of contract by defining its concept, examining its legal nature, and reviewing its advantages and disadvantages.
Preventing Administrative Disputes: An Absolute Priority
The judiciary is no longer able to keep pace with the meteoric growth in litigation, and the public justice system is experiencing both a structural and a cyclical crisis, as evidenced by the poor drafting of court decisions, the inadequate handling of cases and, above all, the great slowness that is the most striking indicator of this. In order to ease court congestion, the legislature has undertaken a number of reforms aimed at preventing administrative litigation. Indeed, the best litigation strategy remains prevention. An effective litigation prevention policy not only helps avoid lengthy and costly procedures, but also preserves the quality of relationships with users and the administration's partners.
Activating the Role of the University Professor in Implementing Ministerial Decree 1275 (Amended and Supplemented) at Algerian Universities: Towards Strengthening the University Economic Institution
The research investigates how Algerian university professors adapt their roles to implement Ministerial Decree 1275 which transforms graduation projects into economic enterprise initiatives that now encompass both start-ups and small and medium enterprises. The research demonstrates how professors now play essential roles in promoting innovation by leading students through university incubators and accelerators and linking academic research to practical entrepreneurial results. The paper examines both the possibilities of digitalization and national startup platforms and foreign student engagement and the difficulties of administrative constraints and limited funding and specialized training requirements. The research demonstrates that Algeria must integrate innovation with governance and university-industry collaboration to build its knowledge economy and meet its goal of creating 20,000 startups by 2029. The research adds to entrepreneurial university literature while offering practical policy recommendations for Algerian higher education institutions to become national economic development catalysts.
Legal Conditions for the Removal and Transplantation of Human Organs among Living People in Accordance with Algerian Health Law 18-11
The purpose of this article is to explain the legal conditions established by the Algerian legislator in Law 18-11 to legalize the removal and transplantation of organs, tissues and human cells among living people. From a review of the provisions of this law, we found that these conditions can be divided into three sections. One section relates to the organ donor, another section relates to the recipient of the organ, and the last technical section relates to the medical work. All of this has been detailed in this article, which we concluded with several findings and suggestions that we are certain would improve these conditions
The Intersections of Intellectual Property and Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Critical Analysis within the Nagoya Protocol Framework
The Convention on Biological Diversity, established in 1992, aims to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable use of its components, and ensure fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources. However, this international treaty may subject signatory nations, especially biodiverse developing countries, to pre-existing, unequal global trade rules, potentially rendering state sovereignty over biological resources largely symbolic. The principle of "fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of genetic resources" often falls short concerning access, true ownership, and profit distribution. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization attempts to implement these benefit-sharing mechanisms, but its effectiveness in correcting deep-seated imbalances is debatable. This paper analyses the extent to which the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol, through 'mutually agreed terms' and market mechanisms, achieve fair benefit-sharing for traditional knowledge holders and empower them. It is hypothesized that the current international biodiversity governance, despite its intentions, perpetuates inequities by commodifying traditional knowledge and favoring economically stronger entities, thus undermining genuine benefit-sharing and the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The research will critically analyze these agreements' operational realities regarding traditional knowledge and benefit-sharing, assessing their impact on Indigenous rights, using qualitative documentary and discourse analysis. It is anticipated that results will show that implementation often leads to traditional knowledge commodification, disadvantaging its holders due to power asymmetries, highlighting the need for a paradigm shift towards genuinely empowering local communities and integrating their knowledge systems. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.478
An Assessment of the Various Features of Notary Acts in Enhancing Judicial Control with in the Context of Ukrainian Legislation
The rule remain that judicial control is very fundamental as it takes preference over notary acts as fundamental new perspective has been considered and certain features of notary as an object of judicial control have been analysed. The importance of this area stemmed from the fact that recently this topic has not been studied in the scientific works of domestic researchers. Attention has been focused on the fact that the state and legal traditions of formation of the institute of judicial control in Ukraine date back to the mid-14th century. At the same time, it has been noted that in today's conditions, judicial control over the activities of notary is inextricably linked to certain features which are important to take into account both in the course of development of the national judicial system, training of judges, and in the course of organization of notary activities. These features include: a) digitalization of notarial activities in Ukraine; b) functioning of the State registers, the successful use of which in the current conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war is possible only through an effective cybersecurity system; c) consideration of the potential for notaries to participate in illegal schemes, which becomes especially relevant during the period of martial law. From the findings of the research one can say that the various features provided as the notary activities are concerned is really problematic as we continue to experience violations of these features which to an extent has affected the outcome of the results of this research. So from the above analysis, there is that need in ensuring that the various features establish in issue of notary should really be implemented and applicable in matters related to judicial control as far Ukrainian legislation is concerned
Unveiling and Veiling in Modern Arabic Literature: Writers' Positions between Support, Opposition, and Ambivalence
This study explores the controversial issue of unveiling in modern Arabic literature by examining the views of a wide range of prominent writers. Using a comparative textual analysis of literary works—particularly poetry and essays—the study classifies authors into three groups: supporters of unveiling, opponents, and those with ambivalent or evolving positions. Advocates such as Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi and Ma'ruf al-Rusafi viewed the veil as a social constraint rather than a religious imperative, while opponents like Mustafa Sadiq al-Rafi‘i and Ahmad Muharram considered veiling a safeguard for morality and social stability. Meanwhile, poets like Ahmad Shawqi and Hafiz Ibrahim expressed a desire for social reform while hesitating to endorse complete departure from tradition. The study contributes to our understanding of the ideological struggles between tradition and modernity in the Arab world, revealing how literature functioned as a platform for negotiating social transformation, gender roles, and cultural identity. It highlights the role of modern Arabic literature not only as a mirror of social debate but also as a rhetorical and political tool in shaping public consciousness.
Action of Tutela Against the Administrative Act Which Resolves the Direct Revocation at the Request of a Party*
This scientific article seeks to resolve the legal situations regarding the admissibility or inadmissibility of a tutela action against administrative acts issued in the event of a direct revocation. In this sense, it starts from a first premise regarding the possibility of filing a tutela action against administrative acts. In its resolution, it is necessary to clarify some preliminary questions that may focus on an answer to this question. In this order, the objective of this scientific document is to analyze the admissibility of a tutela action against the administrative act that resolves a direct revocation at the request of a party. This is done through the use of appropriate qualitative, hermeneutical, and documentary methodology, based on techniques that mention observation, bibliographic review, and documentary analysis. The results obtained consider a review of the grounds and reasons for using the action for violation of fundamental rights in the event of a direct revocation. Therefore, the conclusion is that, despite the fact that the Constitutional Court has repeatedly ruled that the tutela action against administrative acts is inadmissible, since, according to its concept, they have different legal means to be challenged by ordinary mechanisms, such that constitutional jurisprudence considers that, despite the fact that the Colombian legal system has suitable instruments to protect fundamental rights, among which the tutela action stands out. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.484
The Charter of the United Nations between the Requirements of Application and the Need for Amendment
This article is related to the study of the Charter of the United Nations 1945, which has become necessary to amend, restructure and reform the United Nations in line with the current international situation. This is due to the great changes that have occurred in the international community imposed by international relations in addition to the changing balance of power in the world. If the Charter is valid at some point, today it has become somewhat incompatible with what is happening in the world of human rights violations, wars and international conflicts, and interferes in the internal affairs of States in front of the silence of the Security Council and its inability to perform its tasks. Therefore, this Charter must be reviewed and brought into line with current international developments.
Legislation through Presidential Orders in the Domain of Organic Laws According to the Algerian Constitutional Amendment of 2020
The issue of issuing organic laws through presidential orders is of great importance in the Algerian legal system, given the status of organic laws in the hierarchy of laws. Accordingly, The reliance on presidential Orders for issuing organic laws in the Algerian constitutional amendment of 2020 can be justified through the thematic and procedural framework that regulates each. The President expresses popular sovereignty as elected by the people. These orders contain general and abstract rules that acquire legislative status. The procedures for their proposal and issuance in the executive aspect align with those of organic laws, while they differ in the parliamentary aspect. They are subject to mandatory constitutional control, although they do not achieve the constitutionality review set for organic laws
The United Nations Security Council and the Climate Security Challenge: Between Mandated Response and Implementation Obstacles
This academic paper aims to shed light on the role of the United Nations Security Council, considered the most important body within the United Nations, which has been entrusted with the task of maintaining international peace and security, in addressing the challenge of climate security. The Council's activity has seen significant development since (2007) to the present, particularly through the integration of the negative impacts of climate change and their effect on maintaining international peace and security into its agenda, and the issuance of several resolutions concerning specific countries and regions that link climate change to stability in those areas. Despite opposition from some countries, especially permanent members of the Council such as Russia and China, the Council has succeeded—albeit slowly at first—in actively developing the integration of climate security into its agenda, despite the political and legal obstacles it faces.
New transformations of Euro-Mediterranean migration
This study examines the fundamental transformations in migration patterns across the Mediterranean region, particularly following political and security changes in the eastern and southern Mediterranean. These shifts have significantly altered migration routes, with some transit countries, such as Egypt and Algeria, as destinations for migrants, whereas countries like Libya, Yemen, and Syria, have turned into major hubs for irregular migration, human smuggling, and trafficking due to its weak institutions. In Europe, extreme-right political movements have exploited migration issue as a core element of their political discourse, leading to the adoption of strict security policies and restrictive legislation against migrants, complicating furthermore the situation. The study proposes new mechanisms for managing migration through a comprehensive approach that strengthens economic development in origin and transit countries. It advocates for a more balanced cooperation between the northern and southern Mediterranean, emphasizing solidarity and humanitarian principles to achieve a fair balance between security concerns and migrants' rights.
Public Service Ethics and their Impact on Improving the Quality of Public Service
The public service often suffers from various negative phenomena such as weak performance, poor quality of public service, lack of efficiency, absence of a sense of responsibility, weak communication, and indifference, among others.Any reform in the field of public service depends on the public employee, as they are the ones who provide services to citizens. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of public service, it is essential to focus on the behavior and ethics of the employee and work on reinforcing adherence to them. These ethics represent a necessary entry point for establishing good governance in managing the public sector, improving its services, reducing manifestations of administrative and financial corruption, and developing the organizational environment of the administration.
The Extradition System as a Mechanism for International Cooperation to Combat Corruption in Light of the Merida Convention and Algerian Legislation
Through this article, we aim to shed light on the national strategy for preventing and combating administrative and financial corruption and its alignment with the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (Merida), particularly concerning one of the most important international mechanisms for combating the phenomenon, which is the mechanismfor the extradition of criminals. In this article, we address the " mechanism for the extradition of criminals", considering it a stable system in international relations, starting from its definition and explaining the basis from which its provisions are derived, leading to its types, then discussing its conditions related to the crime or the parties involved in the extradition process, and explaining its procedures, diagnosing its issues, and the mechanisms to resolve them. Finally, reaching how to implement this mechanism and how it embodies international cooperation to combat corruption
The Inscriptions on the Rings of the Fatimid Caliphs:Their Symbolism and Political-Religious Significance
This study explores the inscriptions engraved on the rings of the Fatimid caliphs, examining their symbolic, political, and religious significance. These inscriptions, often characterized by their brevity and rhetorical precision, encapsulated key ideological and theological concepts. The ring, with its engraved inscription, functioned as a potent symbol of authority, adopted by rulers and political leaders since antiquity. The tradition was continued by Muslim caliphs, following the example of the Prophet Muhammad, who wore a ring inscribed with the words “Muḥammad Rasūl Allāh” (Muhammad is the Messenger of God). Fatimid caliphs adopted this practice, commissioning both official and personal rings bearing eloquent and meaningful phrases that reflected their faith, trust in God, and devotion to divine will. The study is divided into two main sections. The first provides a critical analysis of the inscriptions, tracing their heritage-based sources, thematic content, stylistic features, and the political, religious, and literary messages they conveyed. It also enumerates the inscriptions attributed to each Fatimid caliph. These inscriptions reflect the caliphs’ religious conviction, their sense of divine mission, and their role as protectors of the faith and the community. They serve as concentrated expressions of their personal and political identities. The second section compiles and documents the surviving inscriptions, organizing them chronologically according to the reigns of the respective caliphs. It includes detailed documentation, variant readings, and visual interpretations of the inscriptions.
Geopolitics of the Arctic: Emerging Opportunities and Conflicts
This document explores the evolving geopolitical landscape of the Arctic region, characterized by a unique convergence of opportunities and conflicts. As climate change accelerates the melting of polar ice, new shipping routes and resource extraction possibilities are emerging, raising strategic military interests. The interaction between the national interests of Arctic and non-Arctic states is examined, including territorial disputes and environmental considerations. The role of international governance frameworks in addressing emerging tensions and facilitating cooperation is highlighted, particularly in the context of the Arctic Council and relevant international treaties. By analyzing recent developments, this document aims to contribute to the understanding of the Arctic’s geopolitical significance in the 21st century. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.502
The Role of Legal Legislation in Regulating Public Relations Practices in Algeria
The economic, social, and technological development has been accompanied by the growth of public relations, which have asserted themselves among individuals and entities within society. They have gained a prominent status and have become a hoped-for aspiration for all institutions around the world, aiming to earn public trust. These entities, institutions, or organizations cannot carry out their duties and achieve their goals unless there is mutual trust and shared understanding between them and their audiences. Here lies the role of public relations in the daily life of any society. The role played by public relations, regardless of the field in which it operates—be it economic, social, or even charitable—drives the legislator to intervene and regulate the practice of such relations, even indirectly, through laws that institutions are required to abide by. These laws organize the links between institutions and their audiences in order to maintain a balance between the freedom of these institutions and the community’s right to protection through enhanced transparency. However, it is not possible to enact a specific law that applies to all practices related to public relations, given the particularities of each field in which public relations are practiced.
The Effect Of Promotion And Free Shipping On Shopee Food Purchase Decisions In Medan, Indonesia
This study examines the impact of Shopee Food promotions and free shipping on Medan consumers' purchasing decisions. The authors of this study employed a quantitative research strategy. The study demonstrates that discounts positively and significantly impact consumer choices due to the use of Shopee Food as a food delivery service in Medan. Discount is the highest and most dominant variable that influences purchasing decisions. Besides discounts, customers' decisions to use Shopee Food are also affected significantly and positively by the company's free shipping policy. as a food delivery service in Medan. The second most influential factor in purchasing decisions is free shipping, customers' decisions to use Shopee Food services as a Medan food delivery service are strongly influenced by discounts and free shipping. This is because people in Medan think that discounts and free shipping will save more money and time to get the food or cuisine they want.
Structural and Legal Diversity in Islamic Banking Systems Across Islamic Countries
This study explores the structural and legal diversity of Islamic banking systems across selected Islamic countries. While Islamic banking is founded on shared Shariah principles – such as the prohibition of interest (riba) and the emphasis on risk-sharing – there exists substantial variation in how these principles are implemented across jurisdictions. By combining qualitative legal analysis with quantitative financial data, the research identifies key differences in regulatory frameworks, institutional structures, and financial performance. Using cluster analysis, we group countries based on selected financial ratios (e.g., capital adequacy, liquidity, profitability, and asset quality) to highlight patterns and divergences. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the heterogeneity within the Islamic finance landscape and provide insights for policymakers, investors, and scholars seeking to navigate or reform these systems.
Equal Opportunities or Hidden Inequalities – Disabled Students’ Ethical and Legal Challenges in Higher Education in the EU and Hungary
The integration of persons with disabilities into higher education is a key social and policy issue all over the world. The presence or absence of an accessible environment, legal regulations, and institutional support fundamentally influences the educational equity and social inclusion of students with disabilities. Legislation treats this area as of utmost importance at both international, European Union and national levels. Although the majority of society claims to be verbally accepting of people with disabilities, in practice, there is often insensitivity towards their limitations and needs. This prejudice, stemming from ignorance, has a harmful impact on the affected individuals and contributes to the persistence of exclusionary behavior. The aim of this study is to present, using the method of legal source and literature analysis, how this area is regulated at the EU level and how these norms are enforced in Hungarian higher education at the member state level.
“Bridging Classroom and Communication: The Impact of Role-Playing on EFL Speaking Proficiency in
This study investigates the impact of role-playing activities on the development of English-speaking proficiency among tenth-grade students in the southern district of Israel. Utilizing a quasi-experimental research design, the study involved 40 students who were evenly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group engaged in a series of structured role-play sessions integrated into their regular English curriculum, while the control group continued with standard, teacher-centered instructional methods. Both groups were assessed through pre- and post-tests designed to measure key aspects of speaking proficiency, including fluency, vocabulary usage, grammatical accuracy, and overall communicative competence. Statistical analysis using paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests indicated a statistically significant improvement in the performance of the experimental group in the post-test (M = 24.75, p < 0.001), compared to the control group (M = 19.1, p = 0.169), which showed no significant progress. These findings support the effectiveness of role-play as a dynamic and interactive instructional strategy in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. The study contributes to the growing body of research on communicative language teaching, particularly in underrepresented and multilingual educational environments. It also offers practical implications for EFL educators seeking to enhance oral language instruction and learner engagement through performative pedagogy
Prediction of Cash Flow and Level of Financial Health (Case Study: PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk. Year 2020 - 2023)
Indicators of the financial health of state-owned companies can be done using analysis of the company's financial reports. This activity can provide an overview of financial predictions such as cash flow and the company's financial health level. So the results of these predictions play an important role in the survival of the company. Thus, PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk. able to evaluate the company's current business operations and prevent failure or bankruptcy in the company in the future. For this reason, research was conducted to show the financial health of the company PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk. Based on the results of calculations from the company's financial reports, it describes the cash flow picture and level of financial health through descriptive analysis. The results of this research showed that PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk. shows that PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk. has increased a number of investments in the form of additional assets through capital obtained from shareholder funds. Then in 2022, the company released many shares through the acquisition of an "Effective Statement from the Financial Services Authority". This information is contained in the financial report in the form of "Notes to the Financial Report" at PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk. in 2022.
Tourism, social justice, and peacebuilding in Colombia
This article analysed the intersection of tourism, social justice, and peacebuilding within the context of Colombia's post-conflict scenario, with a particular focus on the southern subregion of Tolima. Based on Nancy Fraser's (2008) theory of social justice, the study analyses institutional limitations that perpetuate the exclusion of local communities in tourism planning and development processes, serving as obstacles to achieving participatory parity. The research employs a qualitative approach, supported by document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. It reveals how, despite recognizing tourism as a tool for social transformation and reconciliation, normative and administrative dynamics continue to marginalize the directly affected stakeholders. This study contributes to the theoretical framework of the issue by applying Fraser's concept of participatory parity to analyse tourism governance in post-conflict contexts. Furthermore, it proposes practical alternatives to rethink public policies aimed at tourism development as a means of achieving social justice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.528
Governance and Regulation of Autonomous Weapons and Cybersecurity (2016–2024): The Influence of States, International Organizations, and Civil Society on International Humanitarian Law
Between 2016 and 2024, the rapid development of emerging military technologies, such as lethal autonomous weapons, artificial intelligence applied to warfare, and cyber warfare, has posed significant challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This article critically analyzes the influence of States, international organizations, and civil society in shaping the legal and ethical frameworks addressing these issues. Using a qualitative, hermeneutic approach, it examines global actors’ discourses, principles, and regulatory proposals. The study identifies three key findings: (i) a critical normative gap concerning autonomous systems and cyberconflicts; (ii) the need to reframe the notion of meaningful human control as a substantive legal safeguard; and (iii) the reluctance of technologically advanced States to accept binding frameworks. The discussion highlights the role of civil society as a normative co-designer and proposes a more inclusive, anticipatory, and adaptive global governance. Finally, the article provides recommendations to strengthen multilateral spaces, define clear principles, and promote proactive, ethical, and effective regulation of emerging military technologies DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.537
Legal Regulations Governing the Transfer and Transplantation of Human Organs Between Living Individuals
The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency (AIPA) is a key institution that plays a pivotal role in managing The significance of human health, both from a legal and religious perspective, becomes even more pronounced when it involves the transfer and transplantation of organs between two individuals — the donor and the recipient. This critical issue prompted the Algerian legislator to introduce a dedicated section in Law No. 18-11 on health, titled “Provisions Related to the Removal and Transplantation of Human Organs, Tissues, and Cells.” This section outlines the main legal requirements and conditions established by the legislator, whether they concern the donor or the recipient. It also defines the medical and administrative prerequisites for organ transplantation procedures. Furthermore, it designates the authorized healthcare institutions responsible for performing such operations and binds the medical staff to comply with all conditions that ensure the physical safety of both the donor and the recipient.
Teacher Training in ICT and LKT in Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
This bibliometric analysis examines the scientific production on teacher training in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Learning and Knowledge Technologies (LKT) in education between 2003 and 2024. Using the PRISMA 2020 framework, the study analyzed 23 documents selected from ten national and international databases. Results show a strong research presence in Latin America, particularly Colombia (50%) and Spain (25%), with most publications appearing between 2022 and 2023. Master’s theses (39.1%) and journal articles (30.4%) dominated the output, with higher education being the most studied level (39.13%). Methodologically, mixed methods were most common (40%), reflecting an integrative approach to digital teacher training. The analysis reveals a dominant focus on ICT (61.90%), with fewer studies addressing LKT independently (14.29%). Key themes include digital skills, learning platforms, and teacher competencies. However, a notable portion of studies lacked institutional affiliation (30.30%), suggesting a fragmented academic landscape. Keyword trends confirmed ICT, learning technologies, and digital competencies as central topics. Findings indicate that while interest in teacher training in ICT and LKT is growing, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly in terms of international collaboration, K–12 education focus, and peer-reviewed dissemination. The study calls for expanded research in diverse regions, stronger institutional partnerships, and more pedagogically grounded explorations of LKT. These insights are intended to inform educational policy and curriculum development in teacher education programs worldwide. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.542
The Role of Build–Operate–Transfer (BOT) Contracts in Developing Sports Infrastructure in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparative Legal and Economic Analysis
The growth of sports infrastructure across the MENA region has intensified interest in Build–Operate–Transfer (BOT) contracts as a mechanism for addressing fiscal constraints and operational inefficiencies. While BOT models are well established in sectors like transport and energy, their application in the sports domain remains underexplored and legally ambiguous. Existing frameworks often lack regulatory clarity, equitable risk-sharing, and adaptive oversight—factors that are critical in sports settings due to their symbolic public value and variable economic returns. This article addresses a key gap in the literature by conducting a comparative legal-economic analysis of BOT contracts in sports infrastructure projects in Qatar, Egypt, and Morocco. Drawing on national legislation, global PPP standards, and case-based evaluation, the study assesses whether BOT schemes can deliver sustainable infrastructure while upholding public-interest commitments. Findings suggest that effective deployment requires four core components: statutory integration of BOT mechanisms, project-specific risk calibration, dynamic regulatory supervision, and embedded accountability standards. By reframing BOT not merely as a financing tool but as a legal governance structure, the paper advances theoretical and practical understanding of hybrid infrastructure models in high-visibility public domains.
An Analysis of the Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey In 2004 within the Framework of the European Union Acquis
Within the framework of the European Union harmonization efforts in Türkiye, Articles 10, 15, 17, 30, 38, 87, 90, 131, and 160 of the 1982 Constitution were amended on May 7, 2004, and Article 143 was abolished. These amendments, which are highly significant in terms of fundamental rights and freedoms, incorporated the principle that men and women have equal rights into the Constitution through the amendment of Article 10. It was also established that the state is responsible for ensuring the implementation of this equality. Most importantly, the death penalty was abolished from the 1982 Constitution. Furthermore, press tools were placed under constitutional protection, along with the provision that press tools like printing houses and their extensions, cannot be seized, confiscated, or prevented from operating on the grounds of being instruments of crime. To clarify these issues, this study analyses each of the amendments to the 1982 Constitution in 2004. As described above, the articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye, dated November 7, 1982, and numbered 2709, have been significantly amended within the framework of the European Union Acquis. Each amendment is positively evaluated in terms of protecting fundamental rights and freedoms in Türkiye and granting more human rights. Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that the 2004 constitutional amendment has made significant contributions to aligning Türkiye’s legal regulations with the European Union legal system. The main purpose of the study titled “An Analysis of the Amendments to the 1982 Constitution in the Context of Türkiye’s Compliance with European Union Law” is to thoroughly determine the extent to which the 2004 constitutional amendments align Türkiye’s legal regulations with the European Union Acquis. This study was prepared by utilising the Official Gazette and copyrighted works. This article is a qualitative study, employing the document analysis technique DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.551
Internal Control System as A Mechanism for Improving Financial Disclosures "Ifrs S1" in State Entities.
The modernization process of the public accounting system and its adaptation to international standards leads to the continuous review of the management tools of public entities, more specifically, it is sought to understand how the Internal Control System (ICS), based on the MECI, makes it possible to meet the requirements of these standards. Since the issuance of the International Financial Reporting Standard S1 (IFRS S1), a reference has emerged for public entities not only to disclose financial information, but also to establish how their environmental and social impacts should be addressed and presented. This encourages the presentation of more transparent information and, in turn, contributes to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the Internal Control System as a mechanism to improve financial disclosures in accordance with IFRS S1 in state entities. This research is based on a descriptive and documentary approach.
Measuring the skill capabilities of researchers to access information according to the standards of the Arab Federation for Libraries and Information (AFLI)
The study aims to measure the level of digital and intellectual skills for researchers to access information in the digital environment, according to the standards of the Arab Library and Information Federation (AFLI). The comparative analytical study found differences in the levels of digital skills for researchers, as the skills of using the computer were the most in conformity with the standards, followed by search skills on the Internet and access to information. As for intellectual skills, the comparison has proven that the skills of using and processing information more in conformity with the standards, followed by information analysis skills and then information evaluation skills at the last rank.. The results also showed statistical differences between researchers' skill capabilities in the digital environment with (AFLI) standard level. The study concluded with recommendations to enhance researchers' digital skills through literacy programs and development courses, as well as recommendations to focus on developing intellectual and critical thinking skills for information access. It also encouraged academic institutions to adopt the AFLI standards to measure and develop researchers' digital and intellectual capabilities for effective information access
The Problem of Engagement under the Conflict of Laws Rules in Algerian Law
The issue of legal engagement in conflict of laws is highly relevant within the framework of Algerian private international law. This is due to the intersection of several complex factors, chief among them being the ambiguity of key legislative texts—namely, the Family Code and the Civil Code—and the dual legal nature of engagement. Engagement is caught between being a moral promise to marry and a potential tortious act when the right to withdraw is misused. It also reflects the broader tension between differing legal and social values across legal systems. The core problem lies in how to reconcile the general conflict of laws rule, which is based on the nationality of the parties, with the need to ensure practical justice for those harmed by the breakup of an engagement. At the same time, the necessity of Algerian public policy intervention must be acknowledged to protect fundamental legal principles
College Students' Perceptions Toward Jordanian Cybercrime Law
This study analyzes the perspectives of Jordanian college students regarding the Jordanian cybercrimes law (JCL). The study sample consisted of 494 Jordanian students from four universities in Jordan (TTU, MU, JU, and BU). Among these, 43% were male, and 57% were female. The reliability, as measured by the method Cronbach's α, was 0.95, while the validity, indicated by the correlation with the low self-control (LSC) scale, was 0.309 (α = 0.00, F = 11.981, α = 0.00). More than 25% of the sample scrutinized the JCL and observed the politicization of the law. Moreover, three-quarters of the sample received information about it. Over fifty percent of the sample observed illegal activities online that warranted penalization. Fewer than 10% of the sample engaged with the JCL or participated in an online action that warranted penalty. More than a quarter of the sample (26.9%) viewed the law negatively; of them, 10.7% were males and 16.2% were females. Regreasing gender, net use, perpetration, knowledge, cyber extremism, and LSC explained 31% (R2 = .313) of the variance in college students perceptions toward Jordanian cybercrime law. Table 2 showed that the overall effect of gender, net use, perpetration, knowledge, cyber extremism, and LSC was significant (F = 37.053, α = .000). Table 3 showed the unique contribution of each variable. Each variable significantly influenced college students' perceptions of Jordanian cybercrime law. except the gender. We discussed the educational, legal, and security implications.
International Foundation for Digital Rights: Towards a Fair and Secure Cyberspace
In light of the rapid technological advancements and digital transformation occurring worldwide, digital rights have become an integral part of fundamental human rights. These rights include the entitlements that individuals have in cyberspace, such as the right to privacy, freedom of expression, access to information and the right to digital security. As our reliance on technology increases across all areas of life, there is a growing need for an international framework to protect individuals and communities in the digital realm. This paper explores the concept of digital rights, the challenges they face, and international efforts to establish, promote and protect them
Procedural Steps in Juvenile Criminal Cases
This article explores and analyzes the procedural steps of criminal proceedings before juvenile courts. It highlights how these procedures differ from those applied in general criminal courts due to the unique nature of juveniles, which requires legal treatment adapted to their age, psychological condition, and social background. The research aims to present the stages of the legal process from the moment the juvenile is apprehended and the preliminary investigation begins, to the transfer of the case to the juvenile prosecutor, and finally to the trial hearings and resulting sanctions. It also reviews the legal and procedural safeguards established to protect this vulnerable group
Transitional Justice and Public Policy in Colombia (2020–2024): A Systematic Literature Review from a Post-Conflict Perspective
This article presents a systematic literature review on transitional justice and public policy in Colombia between 2020 and 2024. It aims to identify the main research trends, theoretical gaps, analytical tensions, and emerging approaches in the field. Using the Web of Science database and the PRISMA 2020 protocol, 95 articles were selected and analyzed through thematic analysis (inductive coding) and bibliometric tools (Bibliometrix, VosViewer, and Posit Cloud). The findings were grouped into six thematic clusters: (1) institutional and legal frameworks, (2) participation and reparation, (3) differential approaches, (4) justice vs development, (5) perception and legitimacy, and (6) emerging approaches. The discussion reveals a progressive transformation of the field, from normative legal perspectives to intersectoral, territorial, and symbolic approaches, as well as increasing concerns about social legitimacy, environmental justice, and reconciliation grounded in local knowledge. The study concludes that transitional justice in Colombia is currently undergoing a plural reconfiguration, which requires more participatory, redistributive, and culturally situated public policies. The article offers policy recommendations to strengthen the Integral System of Truth, Justice, Reparation, and Non-Repetition, implement intersectional frameworks, and incorporate transformative methodologies in the analysis and practice of transitional justice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.565
Algerian Copyright Protection for Journalistic Works in the Digital Environment
Online journalism emerged and developed as a product of the global internet network, which was also a result of the fusion between the revolution in communication technology and the revolution in computing technology known as digital technology. Online journalism has achieved many advantages; however, on the other hand, it may pose a barrier to intellectual creativity due to the significant difficulties faced by the author (journalist) regarding the protection of their rights over their digital work, given the assaults these digital works are subjected to. Like other countries, Algeria has witnessed the intrusion of technology into the field of journalism and media. There is no doubt that electronic journalistic works are susceptible to infringement just like other works in the digital environment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide them with protection that ensures the preservation of journalists' rights over their works. Accordingly, this article will address the various protection mechanisms for journalists' works in the digital environment in Algeria.
Ṣūfī Travel as Ontological and Ethical Journey: Ibn ʿArabī, Abū Madyan, and the Architecture of the Soul
This article explores the spiritual and philosophical dimensions of safar (travel) in Islamic mysticism through a comparative study of two foundational Ṣūfī figures: Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn ʿArabī and Abū Madyan Shuʿayb. While both affirm the transformative role of travel in the seeker’s journey toward the Divine, they articulate it through different registers—one cosmological and metaphysical, the other ethical and ascetical. The study adopts a thematic-comparative framework grounded in five axes: source and transmission, conceptual vocabulary, metaphysical language, ethical orientation, and symbolic structure. Through this framework, it analyzes how Ibn ʿArabī’s model of spiritual ascent, rooted in concepts such as barzakh, fanāʾ, and waḥdat al-wujūd, contrasts with Abū Madyan’s emphasis on zuhd, faqr, and adab. The article situates these teachings within prophetic models of journeying, broader intercultural traditions of sacred travel, and classical Ṣūfī conceptions of the soul’s path. Ultimately, it argues that for both mystics, safar is not merely movement but meaning—a method of transformation through which the human being becomes a vessel of divine nearness.
Critical Documentary Review of the Conceptual Framework, Theoretical Framework, and State of the Art in Social and Humanistic Research: A Comparative Analysis of Structures, Functions, and Applications for the Consolidation of Epistemological Frameworks in Research
Objective: This documentary review aims to comparatively analyze the conceptual framework, the theoretical framework, and the state of the art, identifying their structures, functions, and applications in research within the Social Sciences and Humanities. Methodology: A documentary review was conducted using specialized databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, complemented by recent literature contributed by key authors in the field. The analysis included 50 indexed academic references, selected according to criteria of relevance, currency, and methodological rigor. Results: Convergences were identified in their role of providing methodological coherence, and divergences were found in their level of abstraction, temporality of application, and the types of sources employed. The conceptual framework organizes and delimits concepts, the theoretical framework provides scientific grounding, and the state of the art critically synthesizes and contextualizes accumulated knowledge. Conclusions: The three categories are not interchangeable but complementary; their articulated integration strengthens the epistemological and methodological soundness of doctoral research, enabling a robust design with academic impact. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.582
Ethnic Cleansing in International Law (Elements – Legal Classification).
: Ethnic cleansing is the systematic and coercive removal of ethnic and religious groups from a specific area with the intention of making the region ethnically homogeneous. This research addresses the crime of ethnic cleansing in international law, examining its origins and content before exploring its legal elements. The legal classification of ethnic cleansing within the categories of international crimes is also analysed, and it is categorised based on the nature of the actions and the context as genocide, a crime against humanity or a war crime.
Procedures of the Constitutional Court in Algeria Regarding Compliance Control and Constitutional Review’: An Analysis in Light of Organic Law No. 22-19
: This research paper explores the procedures followed by the Constitutional Court when exercising its authority over compliance control and constitutional review. This is in light of Organic Law No. 22-19, which outlines the notification and referral procedures to the Constitutional Court. The paper will cover all stages of this review, beginning with initiating control through the notification mechanism and handling the notification letter. We will then examine the procedures for studying the notification file, including investigations and deliberations. Finally, we will discuss the key consequences arising from the Constitutional Court’s rulings on constitutional review and compliance control.
Negotiation Method as an Exception to Concluding Public Contracts in the Algerian Public Procurement Law
Contracting within the framework of public procurement is conducted in two methods, stipulated by the Algerian legislator in the Public Procurement Law. The first is the request for proposals method, which constitutes the general rule, whereby the contracting authority is bound by the procedures for advertising and inviting bids. The second is the negotiation method, which constitutes the exception, whereby the contracting authority is given a degree of freedom in selecting the contracting party. However, it is only resorted to if one of the following conditions is met: direct negotiation or post-consultation negotiation.
The impact of digital evidence privacy on cybercrime prosecution
This study explores the impact of modern technology on the nature of cybercrime evidence, which is invisible and intangible. The study also examines the impact on the methods used in investigating and inquiring into this type of evidence, as well as the procedures for presenting it in court. Furthermore, the study addresses the handling of this new, notably complex and multifaceted type of evidence and the extent to which judicial discretion remains stable in the face of scientific evidence that is, in principle, free from ambiguity or doubt regarding its validity. We present the results derived from our findings on these points.
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Legal research in the context of legislative instability in Algeria: What scientific value?
Scientific research derives its importance from its value. In this field, legal research—as one of the most prominent areas of social science research—derives its scientific value from its contribution to solving problems impeding the application of laws by highlighting the shortcomings of these laws, with the aim of alerting legislators to address them and assisting relevant parties in their implementation to gain a sound understanding. It also contributes to cognitive aspects by creating legal knowledge through the production of legal research of scientific value, which benefits legislators, students, and researchers in the legal field. However, legal research faces numerous obstacles that can limit its importance and diminish its scientific value. Among these obstacles is the development witnessed by legislation, embodied in the movement to amend and repeal laws, commonly referred to as "legal instability or legislative instability," whether in branches of public or private law. Legal research in Algeria has faced this obstacle, given the legislative dynamism witnessed by the Algerian legal system and the most important laws that have witnessed this dynamism.
Jurisdiction of the Administrative Court of Appeal of Algiers in Disputes Involving the Monetary and Banking Council, Pursuant to Laws Nos. 23-09 and 22-13.
The Monetary and Credit Council is one of the independent administrative authorities established by Law No. 90-11 concerning currency and credit. This law has been amended and supplemented by Law No. 23-09, which relates to the Monetary and Banking Council. The latter operates as an independent monetary body. This results in the issuance of individual and regulatory decisions in an atmosphere of independence. Given the risks arising from decisions affecting individuals’ rights, the legislator has granted oversight rights to the Administrative Court of Appeal in Algiers. This court’s decisions are subject to appeal before the Council of State.
Behavioural Patterns in Rape as a Sexual Assault
This article aims to understand rape as a complex criminal behaviour with multiple patterns and varying motivations by taking a classification-based approach. This moves beyond the stereotypical image that reduces rape to merely a sexual crime. It presents the Massachusetts Treatment Center (MTC: R3) classification of rapists, which categorises them into types such as opportunistic, anger-retaliatory, sexually sadistic, non-sadistic and vindictive. Additionally, it discusses a range of explanatory variables related to understanding and analysing rape behaviour, including aggression, impulsivity, social competence, sexual fantasies, sadism, beliefs and naïve perceptions. This article aids the analysis of individual differences among rapists and contributes to preventive, therapeutic and security approaches within social and cultural contexts and specificities.
The Complaints System as an International Mechanism for Protecting Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
This article aims to understand rape as a complex criminal behaviour with multiple patterns and varying motivations by taking a classification-based approach. This moves beyond the stereotypical image that reduces rape to merely a sexual crime. It presents the Massachusetts Treatment Center (MTC: R3) classification of rapists, which categorises them into types such as opportunistic, anger-retaliatory, sexually sadistic, non-sadistic and vindictive. Additionally, it discusses a range of explanatory variables related to understanding and analysing rape behaviour, including aggression, impulsivity, social competence, sexual fantasies, sadism, beliefs and naïve perceptions. This article aids the analysis of individual differences among rapists and contributes to preventive, therapeutic and security approaches within social and cultural contexts and specificities
Maritime Transport Services Concession in Algeria: A Privatisation Mechanism or a Restrictive Tool?
The Algerian legislator approaches the maritime transport sector with considerable sensitivity due to its strategic nature. However, rather than encouraging investment to enable Algeria to build a fleet for its foreign trade, the legislator’s awareness of this sector’s importance has resulted in a cautious approach to opening it up to private entities. This has resulted in the sector remaining public property, thereby limiting private investment opportunities to public service delegation contracts. Of these, the Algerian legislator has chosen the concession contract for the privatisation of the maritime transport sector, widely considered to be the most rigid, particularly given that the regulations governing the concession of maritime transport services are far stricter than those in other sectors. These regulations reinforce the administration’s dominance over the contract, at both the conclusion and execution stages. Furthermore, the conditions for obtaining a concession for maritime transport services are onerous for the average investor. In terms of expertise, the regulations indirectly restrict the scope of maritime transport subject to concession to regular line transport, which requires significant financial resources and expertise. Consequently, it can be inferred that the caution exercised by the legislator in dealing with this sector has had a counterproductive effect.
Political Transformation in Iraq After 2003: Dynamics of Power Restructuring and the Emergence of Sectarian Divisions Within the Framework of the Democratic Process
This study addresses the political transformation that the Iraqi arena witnessed after 2003, focusing on its repercussions in reinforcing sectarian divisions within the structure of the political system. This transformation produced a new reality in which democracy shifted from a project of building a civil state based on the foundations of citizenship and equality to a formal framework through which the interests of groups and sub-identities are managed. This negatively affected the cohesion of state institutions and led to the fragmentation of the social fabric. The study also relies on the descriptive-analytical method to understand the nature of this transformation, in addition to the historical method, which helps in tracing the chronological context of events and linking them to manifestations of political and social division. Through reviewing the relevant intellectual literature, the study seeks to construct an integrated vision of the relationship between the restructuring of power and the entrenchment of social division, without resorting to the analysis of official documents or direct political speeches. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it sheds light on a pivotal stage in the history of contemporary Iraq, contributing to explaining the reasons behind the faltering of civil state-building and the decline of trust in the democratic process. This opens the way for rethinking the foundations of national coexistence and its future prospects.
Evolution of the Industrial Revolutions and International Law: from mechanization to the regulatory challenges of the 4.0 Revolution
This article examines the evolution of industrial revolutions and their influence on international law, from initial mechanization to the challenges of the digital age. The First Industrial Revolution spurred the consolidation of the first humanitarian treaties and international technical agreements, linking technological progress with the need for legal regulation. The Second Industrial Revolution, marked by electricity and mass production, generated an expansion of norms surrounding intellectual property, labor rights, and the limitations of mechanized warfare. The Third Industrial Revolution, characterized by automation and the expansion of information technology, strengthened an international institutional framework that included the United Nations and specialized agencies, along with new environmental, economic, and human rights regimes. Revolution 4.0, defined by artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and digitalization, poses unprecedented challenges to state sovereignty, human dignity, and legal accountability, highlighting the inadequacy of traditional regulatory frameworks. Debates are emerging regarding autonomous weapons, algorithmic governance, and digital trade, which require adaptive and polycentric regulations. Finally, Revolution 5.0 proposes a human-centric and sustainable paradigm that seeks to reorient technological development toward global justice, intergenerational equity, and the protection of digital rights. Overall, it concludes that the transition from fragmented international law to flexible and polycentric governance is imperative to effectively respond to contemporary technological challenges, preserving peace, justice, and fundamental rights in an increasingly complex global landscape DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.612
Financial Legal Legislation and the Role of Good Governance in Enhancing Economic Security and Combating Financial and Administrative Corruption in Iraq
Financial legal legislation constitutes a fundamental pillar of a state’s economic structure, given its essential role in regulating resources, controlling public expenditure, and ensuring justice and transparency. In light of the economic and administrative challenges currently facing Iraq, the importance of good governance emerges as an effective means to strengthen accountability, efficiency, and the rule of law. Good governance helps reduce financial and administrative corruption and supports economic stability through clear legislation and strong institutional frameworks. Such objectives, however, cannot be achieved without a comprehensive financial legislative system capable of keeping pace with ongoing transformations, closing corruption channels, and reinforcing public trust. This study aims to examine the relationship between financial legislation and the principles of good governance, and their impact on combating corruption and promoting economic security in Iraq, by analyzing existing legal and administrative realities and presenting reform recommendations.
The role of prophetic tradition as a source of law in the political legitimacy of the Abbasids
The dogmatic foundation of Islamic law began under the Umayyads, but its true fulfilment occurred under the Abbasids. The driving force behind this process was the preservation of the caliphate established during the Umayyads and the legitimization of the Abbasid leadership. The genius of the Abbasids was that they were able to shape the still immature, multi-ethnic imperial peoples into ummah, by authenticating Islamic law post festum through the Sunnah in a way that consolidated their power. Thus, jurisprudence could become the primary aid for political propaganda, which based its propositions on ancient principles that had primacy in the geographical zones of conquest. So the hadith seemed a more authentic source material than written sources, gained a key role. The collection of hadith material had helped to support the aspirations of religious and political parties since the 7th century, but its true power was harnessed by the Abbasids, thus creating a true past and form for the new, ethnically diverse ummah. The prophetic traditions caused a flexibility existence in the law, which consolidated the position of the caliph by Divine Law, that was further fuelled by adab literature and historical thinking through the cultural development of Islam. The great jurisprudential conclusion of the era was marked by the consolidated doctrines of the classical madhabs, the rigidification of whose legal principles was brought about by the very cult of hadith that initially meant flexibility and opportunity.
From Policy to Practice: Governance Constraints in SDG 6 Implementation in Ogun State, Nigeria
The implementation of (SDG 6) poses significant challenges in Nigeria, particularly in rural areas like Ijebu-Ijesha, Ogun state. This research work therefore scrutinizes the failure of government initiatives and examining the fragility of the Nigerian state in the implementation of (SDG 6) in Ijebu-Ijesha, Ogun state, Nigeria. The study adopts Polarities of Democracy theory a unifying theory of democracy to guide healthy, sustainable, and just social change efforts. A quantitative study that adopted exploratory research design was used on the ground to gain more information on the subject matter with a population size of 12,000 with a sample size of 387 determined using the Taro Yamane formula. While random sampling techniques, interviews, alongside the Likert scale in the questionnaire, ensured a comprehensive data collection process.Findings from the study revealed the community’s understanding of the government’s role in clean water and sanitation provision, shortcomings in governance, policy implementation on SDG 6 are key factors contributing to Nigeria’s fragility and sustainable feasible solutions to combat the issue of lack of clean water and sanitation and hygiene in Ijebu-Ijesha.Ultimately, this study highlights the numerous challenges faced in implementing SDG 6 and offers recommendations including capacity building and education essential for enhancing public awareness, policy reformation to effectively implement SDG 6. Additionally, public-private partnerships and replacing unqualified government officials with experts can strengthen water and sanitation services in the community.
The Humanitarian Role of International Migration Under the Geneva Conventions
The international community has given significant attention to the phenomenon of migration, making it a key issue in the programs and activities of the International Labour Organization. Migration generally refers to the movement from one place to another with the intention of staying for an extended period in the host country. However, due to international conflicts, wars, and acts of genocide affecting entire populations, migration and asylum have become pressing concerns, highlighting the humanitarian suffering of millions of individuals. This persists despite the global commitment to upholding human rights, which primarily entails refraining from committing human rights violations. In the context of migration, this includes abstaining from arbitrary detention, torture, or the mass expulsion of migrants, which are among the most serious violations.
Crimes of Insult Committed Against Citizen in Algerian Legislation
The citizen has come to occupy an important social and legal status within the Algerian state, reflected in the legislator’s commitment to providing the highest degree of legal, especially criminal, protection for the individual’s personality in both its material and moral aspects, by criminalizing all forms of assault against it. The Algerian legislator has recognized the necessity of protecting the citizen’s right to dignity, honor, and reputation, as this protection is no less important than the right to life and bodily integrity. Accordingly, criminal protection has been provided for the citizen’s dignity, honor, and reputation by criminalizing acts of insult to which a citizen may be subjected. The legislator distinguished between two types of crimes: the crime of insult committed against a citizen by a public official or someone in a similar position, and the crime of insulting a citizen who is charged with performing a public service.
The Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Comparative Study of the Extent of Constitutional Protection in Jordan and France
This study examined the challenges artificial intelligence (AI) poses to the right to equality and non-discrimination through a comparative analysis of Jordan and France. It focused on "algorithmic discrimination" arising from biased data or algorithms, which threatens constitutional principles. The findings revealed that while Jordan provides general protection through its constitution and legislation, these measures are insufficient to address the complexities of AI, lacking specialized legislation and effective oversight bodies. Conversely, France possesses an advanced framework encompassing a robust constitution, legislation such as the GDPR, and jurisprudence establishing algorithmic transparency principles, further strengthened by its integration within the European system and the AI Act. The comparison uncovered a significant protection gap between the two countries. Consequently, the research recommended enacting a specialized Jordanian AI law, updating existing legislation, and enhancing judicial capabilities. For France, it emphasized the rigorous enforcement of the AI Act and the development of transparency tools. The study also called for establishing international principles to combat algorithmic discrimination and strengthening the role of the United Nations. The study concluded that guaranteeing digital equality necessitates proactive legal frameworks and adaptable constitutional interpretation that keeps pace with technological advancement.
Thoughts on the AI Act of the EU, the Trustfulness of AI and its Applicability in Management Methods Courses in Higher Education
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education is now an established but still not sufficiently transparent area. The European Union has only recently adopted the Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act), which already raises questions about its application. We have already examined the role of artificial intelligence in the teaching of a communication science subject. In our current study, we also address the AI-related context of teaching Management Methods, as a typical Management subject at the University of Dunaújváros, Hungary. This research focuses rather on the above-mentioned topics and examines the applicability of AI in a less algorithmizable scientific field. The students participating in the study are Communication and Media, also Business Administration majors.
Achieving Sustainable Justice through Foreign Investment: A Narrative Synthesis
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) remains a powerful driver of economic growth, yet its potential to foster equitable and enduring development is often unrealized. This paper argues that achieving sustainable justice—the equitable and enduring distribution of economic, environmental, and social benefits—requires the deliberate harmonization of investment law, human rights obligations, and governance mechanisms. Drawing on international frameworks such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs; United Nations, 2011), OECD Due Diligence Guidance (OECD, 2018), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards (IFC, 2012), this analysis explores how legal and policy reforms can reconcile investor protection with social and environmental responsibility. Through comparative case studies—including Philip Morris v. Uruguay (ICSID, 2016) and Vedanta v. Lungowe ([2019] UKSC 20)—and an examination of regional reforms in Saudi Arabia (Saudi Ministry of Investment, 2023), the United Arab Emirates, Morocco (World Bank, 2021), Egypt, and Jordan, the paper demonstrates a paradigm shift towards embedding justice in investment governance. It concludes with policy recommendations for aligning FDI with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the imperatives of sustainable justice.
The Legal Protection of the Child in Algerian Legislation – The Case of Health Care
Algeria has made significant efforts to improve health care for special groups within society, particularly children, through a comprehensive legislative framework and the establishment of institutions dedicated to this category. This is reflected in the recognition of their right to health care in the highest legal text—the Constitution—followed by the extension of this protection and care to other laws. This reflects the firm commitment to ensuring the rights of this segment of society and the need to provide adequate protection through intensified efforts, which has led most countries to ratify major international conventions concerning children by enacting specific laws for their benefit.
Surveillance Capitalism and Yarvinism: Technocratic Control in the Digital Governance
The present study examines the intersections between surveillance capitalism and yarvinism as converging frameworks that explain the formation of a new paradigm of digital governance. The argument is made that the accumulation of data and the technocratic logic of control have resulted in the emergence of a hybrid system, in which economic and political authority are integrated into algorithmic infrastructures with the capacity to regulate information, behaviour and decision-making. This model, the result of technological convergence, redefines sovereignty, legitimacy, and public deliberation by replacing political representation with computational efficiency. The findings underscore the emergence of algocracy as a structural form of power in the 21st century and highlight the necessity to construct frameworks capable of adapting democratic control and preserving human autonomy in the face of decision automation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.629