Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice
type: channel
description: Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice Journal Title: Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice (An international peer-reviewed academic journal) ISSN: 1948-9137, e-ISSN: 2162-2752 Publisher: Auricle Global Society of Education and Research Publisher Address: Y-18-A, Near Sanskar Play School, Sudarshana Nagar, Bikaner, Rajasthan (India), Pin 334004 Publisher E-Mail: publisher@agser.org Frequency: twice a year (July and November) Acceptance Rate (2023): 16% Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice publishes mainly original empirical research and review articles focusing on hot emerging topics, e.g., organizational artificial intelligence governance, mobility justice, machine ethics, online privacy protection behavior, big data-driven algorithmic decision-making, network connectivity systems, automation anxiety, surveillance capitalism, social media regulation, sustainable urban mobility in the sharing economy, etc. This journal considers only manuscripts having a high integrative value in the current Scopus- and Web of Science-indexed literature (i.e., citing preponderantly Q1 and Q2 sources published in the past two years). For collective SLR RTs, we may provide a somewhat standard structure and a list of reliable data visualization and (reporting and methodological) quality assessment tools. Review of Contemporary Philosophy is indexed and/or abstracted in: Academic Search Alumni Edition Academic Search Complete Academic Search Elite Academic Search Premier CEEOL Cengage Learning/Gale CNKI Scholar Crossref DeepDyve Dimensions/Digital Science EBSCOhost EBSCO Discovery Service ERIH PLUS HeinOnline Hinari Index Islamicus International Bibliography of the Social Sciences Legal Collection Political Science ProQuest Scopus SHERPA/RoMEO Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
publisher: Auricle Global Society of Education and Research
language: en-US
publication name: Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice
issn: 1948-9137
items: Reframing Kausa Halal in Cross-Border E-Commerce: Doctrinal Revival and Regulatory Innovation in Indonesia's Digital Contract Law
items: Cyber security Governance in Public Institutions: A Legal Risk Assessment Model for Indonesia’s Digital Transformation
items: Legal Protection of the Right to Work for Workers with Mental Health Disorders: A Critical Comparative Analysis between Indonesian Labor Law and ILO Standards
items: Criminal Liability of Fraudulent Debtors in the Framework of Actio Pauliana: A Doctrinal and Normative Reconstruction in Indonesian Law
items: Protection Of Property Rights In Cases Of Land Deed Forgery: A Comparative Study Of Good Faith And Legal Formalism In Indonesian And English Land Law
items: Asset Recovery Regulation in Corruption Cases: Comparative Legal Frameworks in Southeast Asia under the UNCAC Perspective
items: Legal Comparison of the Regulation of Chaperones in Intimate Medical Examinations in Indonesia and the United Kingdom: An Analysis of Patients' Rights and Medical Ethics
items: Classification of Protected Areas as a Mechanism for Biodiversity Conservation in Aquatic Environments
items: Legal Protection for the Environmental Refugee Under the Rules of International Law
items: The Cost of Staying Too Long: Burnout, Disengagement, and Job Dissatisfaction
items: Algorithmic Governance and Data Protection in Algerian Smart Cities: An Analysis of Law 18-07
items: Social Alienation in the Virtual Space
items: Environmental Taxation as a Mechanism to Reduce the Risk of Pollution
items: The Algerian legislator was keen to prove marriage to protect the Algerian family
items: Social Factors in Shaping Career Awareness and Readiness of Saudi Youth for the Labor Market: An Applied Study on Students of Al-Leith University College
items: Aligning AI Regulatory Approaches: Multi- Layered Frameworks and Social Justice in the EU, US, and India
items: The Legal Nature of the Certificate of Possession Established under Article 39 of the Real Estate Guidance Law.
items: Uses of modern technology in litigation in Algerian legislation
items: The Limits of Expanding Criminalization in Contemporary Criminal Law in Light of Human Security
items: The role of civil justice in achieving a balance between freedom of the press and the right to private life
items: The Role of Digital Transformation in Modernizing Local Administration in Algeria
items: The Relationship Between the Constitutional Court and the Electoral System in Algeria -An Analytical Study-
items: The Historical Development of Women's Law-abiding Behaviour in Traditional Islamic Law - Two Portraits of Hind bint Utbah
items: The Application of Telework and Its Role in Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Algerian University Teachers Amid Current Technical and Social Challenges
items: From Nature to Algorithm: The Evolution and Integration of Natural (Eco-Friendly) Dyes, Foods, and Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Print Design
items: The reality of e-commerce in Algeria
items: The Future of International Law amid the Structural and Substantive Challenges of the International System
items: The Principle of Separation of Powers in Light of the Algerian Constitutional Amendment of 2020.
items: Hybrid Wars and the Reshaping of the Global Security System
items: https://crlsj.com/index.php/journal/article/view/795
items: International Parental Abduction of Children (A Study in Light of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction)
items: Digital Transformation in the Monetary and Banking Sector: “Digital Banks as a Model”
items: Structural Genocide as an Institutionalized Practice in Settler Colonialism: The Case of the 2023 Gaza War
items: Integrating Indigenous Normative Systems into Environmental Health Governance in Western Sahara: A Public Law Perspective
items: Rethinking Judicial Reform in Indonesia: A Digital Civil Procedure Perspective
items: The Application of Telework and its Role in Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Algerian University Teachers Amid Current Technical and Social Challenges
items: Startups: A Leading Economic Model for Supporting Economic Development
items: Divorce and Female Entrepreneurship: Between Source of Motivation and Societal Constraints
items: Modern Investigation and Inquiry Methods in Algerian Criminal Procedure Law
items: Legal Frameworks And Accountability Mechanisms For Preventing Arbitrary Detention In Immigration Enforcement
items: The Role of the Financial Intelligence Unit in Combating Corruption and promoting the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals
items: The Lawyer’s Rights under the Algerian New Code of Criminal ProcedureA Contemporary Analysis in Light of Modern Criminal Justice Trends
items: Entitled ‘Issues in the Enforcement of Administrative Court Judgments and Decisions’.
items: Electronic Economic Espionage, the New Face of Cybercrimes Affecting State Security.
items: The Role of Foreign Investment in Achieving Economic Development
items: The Theory of Contractual Imbalance in the Context of Contemporary Economic Crises: A Comparative Analytical Study of Algerian and French Civil Law
items: Investigating Neologisms in Politics
items: The Legal Doctrine of Forgery and Fraud in Roman Criminal Law with Special Reference to Counterfeiting
items: The Nasciturus at the Intersection of the Protection of Life and Self-Determination: A Comparative Analysis of Constitutional Conflicts
items: The Final Investigation in a Public Prosecution: Balancing the Protection of the Accused and the Achievement of Justice
items: Unifying Cyber Defenses: Aligning State Actions with Global Legal Standards
items: Breach of the obligation to declare risk in Algerian insurance law
items: The Hybrid Nature Of The Management Act: Between Legal Logic And Managerial Rationality
items: Assessment of Adjudication as a Method of Dispute Resolution in the Construction Industry in Nigeria
items: Unjustified Privileges in Public Contracts
items: The Iranian–Israeli Conflict: The Deterrence Structure and the Limits of Confrontation
items: Administrative Responsibility of the Hospital for Medical Errors
items: The Accused’s Right to Be Informed of the Modified Legal Classification and to Respond Thereto: A Comparative Study between Algerian and French Law in Light of Fair Trial Standards
items: Smart Contracts: A Legal Revolution in the Contractual System
items: Media in the Age of Artificial Intelligence in Algeria: Opportunities and Challenges
items: Privacy of the Provisions Related to Customs Offences in Algerian Legislation: A Reading between Act and Effect
items: The Environment: Between Challenge and Sustainability of Resources
items: Legal Liability for Greenwashing in Light of Consumer Protection and Sustainable Investment
items: The impact of artificial intelligence on e-commerce
items: Preventing Drug Use among Minors) A Legal Study
items: The Strategy of Algerian Economic Diplomacy in Strengthening African Partnerships: The Intra-African Trade Fair (IATF), 4–10 September 2025
items: Climate Change-Induced Environmental Displacement: A Legal Challenge to the Effectiveness of Humanitarian Assistance in Armed Conflicts
items: The Probative Value of Electronic Documents and Electronic Signature in Evidence under Law No. 26-02

Reframing Kausa Halal in Cross-Border E-Commerce: Doctrinal Revival and Regulatory Innovation in Indonesia's Digital Contract Law
type: item
description: In Indonesia, the doctrine of kausa halal (lawful cause) remains a formal requirement for contract validity under both civil law and Islamic jurisprudence. However, in the context of cross-border e-commerce, the application of this doctrine has become increasingly fragmented and invisible. This article investigates the normative erosion of kausa halal in digital transactions and argues for its reconstruction as a cross-border regulatory filter rather than a purely doctrinal condition. Using a normative-comparative approach, the study examines Indonesian civil code provisions, Islamic commercial law, and the structural design of platform-based commerce. It reveals that global digital contracting mechanisms—such as clickwrap agreements and smart contracts—systematically displace moral review and jurisdictional safeguards. Drawing on comparative frameworks from the European Union, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates, the study proposes a harmonization model that reframes kausa halal through mandatory legal rules, platform-level compliance duties, interoperable halal certification systems, and smart contract design. The findings advocate for a doctrinal and institutional reconfiguration of lawful cause in Indonesian digital contract law, aiming to protect consumer rights, religious identity, and legal coherence in an increasingly borderless digital market.
creator: Andrie Gunawar Setiyono
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 1
ending page: 18

Cyber security Governance in Public Institutions: A Legal Risk Assessment Model for Indonesia’s Digital Transformation
type: item
description: Indonesia’s rapid digital transformation has expanded the role of public institutions as custodians of critical data and providers of essential electronic services. However, this transition has not been matched by a coherent and enforceable cyber security governance framework. Existing regulations—dispersed across the ITE Law, PDP Law, PP 71/2019, and sectoral instruments—remain fragmented, inconsistent, and limited in binding force. Institutional mandates are similarly diffuse, with the National Cyber and Encryption Agency (BSSN), Kominfo, OJK, BI, and sectoral ministries exercising overlapping authorities. These doctrinal and structural weaknesses leave Indonesia vulnerable to escalating cyber threats, including ransomware attacks, data breaches, and systemic disruptions to public services. This article develops a Legal Risk Assessment Model (LRAM) tailored to Indonesia’s public institutions, integrating normative legal research and comparative analysis. Drawing on best practices from Estonia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom—jurisdictions with advanced public-sector cyber governance—the model proposes four interrelated components: (1) a unified statutory framework through a dedicated Cybersecurity Act; (2) a centralized national authority with clear enforcement powers; (3) mandatory, standardized risk assessment and incident-reporting obligations; and (4) institutional oversight mechanisms ensuring accountability and transparency. The proposed model reconceptualizes cyber security not merely as a technical function but as a legal and administrative governance obligation. The study concludes that adopting the LRAM would significantly strengthen Indonesia’s cyber resilience, harmonize public-sector security standards, enhance public trust, and support sustainable digital transformation. The model offers a reform pathway that aligns national regulatory structures with global norms while remaining sensitive to Indonesia’s institutional context.
creator: Bagus Arwani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 19
ending page: 41

Legal Protection of the Right to Work for Workers with Mental Health Disorders: A Critical Comparative Analysis between Indonesian Labor Law and ILO Standards
type: item
description: This article examines the extent to which Indonesian labor law protects the right to work for individuals with mental health disorders, and compares these protections with the standards set by the International Labour Organization (ILO). While Indonesia has ratified key international instruments such as the CRPD and ILO Convention No. 111, its domestic legal framework lacks specific, enforceable provisions regarding mental health-based discrimination, reasonable accommodation, and inclusive employment practices. Using a normative-comparative method, the study analyzes national statutes and ILO conventions, identifying gaps in legislative clarity, institutional implementation, and cultural acceptance. The ILO framework, particularly Conventions No. 159 and 111, offers detailed standards on equality of opportunity, vocational rehabilitation, and protection from indirect discrimination—areas where Indonesian law remains deficient. The article proposes harmonization strategies, including legal amendments, institutional reform, and ratification of ILO Convention No. 159. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on disability-inclusive labor law and underscore the urgent need for Indonesia to strengthen legal protections for workers with psychosocial disabilities.
creator: Hapsari Nurina Rahmi,
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 42
ending page: 54

Criminal Liability of Fraudulent Debtors in the Framework of Actio Pauliana: A Doctrinal and Normative Reconstruction in Indonesian Law
type: item
description: Debtor misconduct in the form of asset transfers aimed at defeating creditor claims presents a serious challenge to the effectiveness of Indonesia’s civil and criminal legal systems. While actio pauliana, as codified in Article 1341 of the Indonesian Civil Code, provides a civil remedy to annul such prejudicial acts, its operation remains disconnected from the criminal law framework. This article examines the doctrinal gap between civil annulment and penal enforcement, particularly in cases where debtor conduct reflects structured and intentional deception. Using a normative legal research methodology supported by comparative analysis of the Dutch and Singaporean legal systems, this study explores the overlap between civil bad faith and criminal fraudulent intent. The findings reveal that Indonesian courts and prosecutors have not developed an integrated approach to apply Article 378 of the Penal Code in cases involving debtor fraud, despite the presence of circumstantial indicators such as concealment, collusion, undervaluation, and asset dissipation. This article proposes a dual-track sanction model that allows actio pauliana to operate alongside penal prosecution when debtor conduct meets defined thresholds of criminal intent. The model includes doctrinal integration, procedural connectivity, and institutional reforms involving judges, curators, and law enforcement. It also provides legal safeguards to prevent over-criminalization and ensure proportionality. Ultimately, this study offers a legal reconstruction that aligns creditor protection with principles of justice and deterrence, reinforcing the integrity of Indonesia’s insolvency and commercial enforcement system.
creator: Purwandi,
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 55
ending page: 67

Protection Of Property Rights In Cases Of Land Deed Forgery: A Comparative Study Of Good Faith And Legal Formalism In Indonesian And English Land Law
type: item
description: Land deed forgery poses a serious threat to the integrity of property rights and legal certainty in both civil and common law systems. This article presents a comparative doctrinal analysis of how Indonesian and English legal systems address the conflict between good faith protection and legal formalism in cases involving forged land documents. In Indonesia, forged deeds are void ab initio, and courts may cancel derived land certificates unless the acquirer can prove good faith and physical possession, supported by the five-year limitation rule under Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997. Conversely, English law emphasizes title by registration under the Land Registration Act 2002, where registered ownership is presumed valid, with limited exceptions for rectification and statutory indemnity. This study finds that Indonesia favors substantive justice through judicial evaluation of good faith, whereas England prioritizes certainty and marketability through statutory formalism. Each system has its strengths and limitations: Indonesia enables moral responsiveness but lacks consistency and compensatory mechanisms; England ensures predictable outcomes but offers limited restoration in morally complex scenarios. The article concludes with reform proposals, including the adoption of an indemnity fund in Indonesia and refinement of rectification thresholds in England. Ultimately, effective protection against land deed forgery requires both structural reliability and equitable flexibility.
creator: Syarifudin Rakib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 68
ending page: 80

Asset Recovery Regulation in Corruption Cases: Comparative Legal Frameworks in Southeast Asia under the UNCAC Perspective
type: item
description: Asset recovery is a critical yet underdeveloped pillar in the global fight against corruption, particularly in regions with complex transnational illicit flows such as Southeast Asia. This study analyzes the asset recovery frameworks of five ASEAN member states—Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand—through the normative lens of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), with a focus on Chapters IV and V. Employing a comparative legal methodology supported by doctrinal analysis and policy review, the research reveals significant asymmetries in the adoption of non-conviction-based asset forfeiture (NCBAF), institutional mandates, and the effectiveness of mutual legal assistance (MLA). While Singapore and Malaysia exhibit relatively advanced and well-coordinated mechanisms, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand face legal, procedural, and political constraints that hinder the efficient recovery of stolen assets. The absence of a regional coordination mechanism, such as a dedicated ASEAN Asset Recovery Office or platform, exacerbates these limitations. Drawing from the legal gaps and institutional fragmentation identified, this paper proposes the establishment of an ASEAN Asset Recovery Mechanism (AARM) to enhance cross-border cooperation, standardize procedural frameworks, and promote regional harmonization aligned with UNCAC principles. The findings contribute to the evolving discourse on transnational anti-corruption strategies and highlight the urgency of institutional innovation in the Global South.
creator: Rouli Dame Marbun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 81
ending page: 100

Legal Comparison of the Regulation of Chaperones in Intimate Medical Examinations in Indonesia and the United Kingdom: An Analysis of Patients' Rights and Medical Ethics
type: item
description: This article examines the legal and ethical regulation of medical chaperones during intimate physical examinations, focusing on two contrasting jurisdictions: Indonesia and the United Kingdom. While chaperones are widely acknowledged in medical ethics as instruments for protecting patient dignity, autonomy, and safety, their legal status varies significantly across health systems. Indonesia currently lacks explicit statutory or ethical regulation mandating the use of chaperones, resulting in inconsistent practices and limited protection for patients and healthcare professionals alike. In contrast, the United Kingdom has established a robust framework through the General Medical Council, NHS institutional policies, and jurisprudence, where chaperone use is a formalized component of clinical governance. Using a normative and comparative legal methodology, this study analyzes constitutional principles, statutory instruments, and professional codes in both countries, supported by the ethical framework of biomedical ethics. The findings reveal a regulatory gap in Indonesia that undermines patient protection and propose a rights-based model of convergence—anchored in constitutional values and culturally contextualized—for integrating chaperone use into Indonesian medical law and practice. The article concludes by offering a six-pillar reform framework involving legal codification, ethical amendment, contextual implementation, education, institutional policy, and cultural engagement.
creator: Salsabil Afifah Fa’az
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 101
ending page: 112

Classification of Protected Areas as a Mechanism for Biodiversity Conservation in Aquatic Environments
type: item
description: Aquatic environments are rich in unique biodiversity that cannot be found elsewhere. However, these environments face numerous severe environmental violations that threaten this biodiversity’s existence. In response, legislators have adopted various mechanisms to preserve biodiversity in these environments. One of the most effective and efficient of these is the classification of protected areas. This research paper will explore the procedures for classifying protected areas, their role in safeguarding biodiversity in aquatic environments and the legal protection of these areas as a means of conserving biodiversity.
creator: Yassine Ghouraf
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 113
ending page: 127

Legal Protection for the Environmental Refugee Under the Rules of International Law
type: item
description: The environmental refugee is a relatively new term that has emerged on the global stage in the context of climate change. However, the rules of international law have not yet recognized this phenomenon. This is what drives us, through this article, to explore the limits of legal protection for the environmental refugee—a matter that has become extremely difficult due to the lack of a precise and comprehensive definition of the environmental refugee on the one hand, and the lack of recognition of the right of asylum by the competent international bodies on the other. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.712
creator: Fatima Zahra Messaour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 128
ending page: 137

The Cost of Staying Too Long: Burnout, Disengagement, and Job Dissatisfaction
type: item
description: The 21st century workplace has experienced a significant shift in the way we work, with an increasing number of remote, hybrid and flexible work models. However, as much as these work arrangements offer us the freedom to work from anywhere, they may deprive us of the cognitive and psychological stimulation we need to be creative and innovative. This paper will discuss the psychological and performance costs of prolonged exposure to a fixed work environment, whether remote or onsite, such as burnout, disengagement, and productivity decline. The paper will draw on transdisciplinary studies and examples to show that humans are highly sensitive to environmental and social variations and that a healthy rhythm of change is essential for creative thinking and high performance. The paper will also emphasize the importance of lifelong learning, job rotation, and purposeful disruption to prevent stagnation. Finally, the paper will explore the implications for the national innovation and competitiveness and will call for a rethinking of our work models to better balance flexibility with human needs for meaningful interactions and novelty, and to invest in individual and organizational strategies that promote adaptability, creativity and long-term growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.717
creator: Akinsiku F. Oluwanimbe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 138
ending page: 158

Algorithmic Governance and Data Protection in Algerian Smart Cities: An Analysis of Law 18-07
type: item
description: Algeria’s transition into a data-driven society is anchored in Law No. 18-07 and its 2025 modernization, which seeks alignment with international standards like the GDPR. However, the rapid deployment of AI-driven smart cities introduces complex socio-technical risks, including algorithmic discrimination and affinity profiling, that challenge existing regulatory boundaries. This paper analyzes the efficacy of Algeria’s legal and institutional architecture in mitigating these automated harms within urban governance. The research finds that while the framework demonstrates high formal convergence with global models, it is fundamentally undermined by the lack of an explicit right to an explanation, the absence of proxy-based anti-discrimination rules, and the broad exclusion of national security data from oversight. Furthermore, the National Authority (ANPDP) faces persistent implementation hurdles due to an institutional technical expertise gap required for auditing complex AI systems. Ultimately, the study characterizes the framework as partially adequate but structurally insufficient. It proposes a strategic roadmap for legislative reform and technical capacity building to ensure substantive algorithmic accountability
creator: Meriem Belkessam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 159
ending page: 179

Social Alienation in the Virtual Space
type: item
description: The world is witnessing a rapid technological development that has greatly transformed individuals’ lifestyles and the nature of social relationships among them. Modern means of communication have imposed a new form of human interaction characterized by superficiality and weak cohesion, leading to the noticeable emergence of the phenomenon of social alienation. This is reflected in the individual’s feeling of isolation and disconnection from their surroundings, withdrawal from social participation, and a weakened sense of belonging to society. Moreover, economic and living pressures, along with individuals’ preoccupation with life’s burdens, have contributed to reducing genuine human relationships, especially within the family. The seriousness of this phenomenon lies in its negative impact on social cohesion, as it fosters individualism and the decline of social values. Therefore, it has become essential to confront social alienation by promoting human communication values, strengthening family bonds, and encouraging collective activities that restore individuals’ sense of belonging and active participation in social life.
creator: Fatiha khebbach
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 180
ending page: 185

Environmental Taxation as a Mechanism to Reduce the Risk of Pollution
type: item
description: Taxation occupies an important place within the state, and its significance has become associated with the field of environmental protection, such that tax levies constitute a fundamental pillar that enters this domain within a legal framework that guarantees optimal protection of the environment. This is evident in the state’s establishment—within the framework of tax law—of environmental taxation, manifested in the various taxes and fees imposed across all sectors, in accordance with what the provisions and rules of this law authorize. The rules of this law aim primarily to realize the public interest. It is also well known that the state’s objective in collecting monetary sums is to supply the public treasury with the necessary revenues; likewise, in response to the requirements of environmental protection, it seeks—through the mechanism of environmental taxation—to manage environmental resources and preserve the environment.
creator: Rahmani Hassiba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 186
ending page: 195

The Algerian legislator was keen to prove marriage to protect the Algerian family
type: item
description: To preserve rights from being lost, the Family Law stipulates the necessity of registering marriage contracts and registering them in the civil status records, as customary marriage is a social phenomenon that is increasing day by day. This prompted many legal and practical problems regarding the issue of proving it.In order to confront these problems, the Supreme Court decided to establish customary marriage, and to consider it valid as soon as it fulfills its legal conditions. The Civil Status Law and the Civil and Administrative Procedures Law regulated the procedures for proving and registering customary marriage contracts.From here, the importance of the subject appears, which necessitated a search for the legal mechanisms established by the Algerian legislator to prove marriage.
creator: Omar Assail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 196
ending page: 203

Social Factors in Shaping Career Awareness and Readiness of Saudi Youth for the Labor Market: An Applied Study on Students of Al-Leith University College
type: item
description: This study explores the transition from university education to the labor market from a sociological perspective that emphasizes the social and cultural dimensions shaping young people’s career awareness, moving beyond traditional economic explanations. It aims to analyze the gap in socio-professional capital among students at Al-Leith University College by examining their reliance on social sources of information (family, friends, the internet, and the college) in constructing their career perceptions and readiness for labor market integration. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing data collected through a validated electronic questionnaire administered to a stratified sample representing various academic disciplines and levels. The findings revealed variations in the roles of social sources in shaping career awareness: the family emerged as the primary source for transmitting professional values and defining the symbolic status of occupations, while the internet provided a space for digital empowerment and expanding professional alternatives. In contrast, the college demonstrated a limited institutional role in career guidance and counseling. The results indicate that the challenge lies not in the scarcity of career information but in the weak coordination among social influence systems shaping youth choices, leading to a gap between traditional references and the requirements of the modern labor market. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.754
creator: Amer Saeed Amer Al-Shehri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 204
ending page: 241

Aligning AI Regulatory Approaches: Multi- Layered Frameworks and Social Justice in the EU, US, and India
type: item
description: The review article examines the comparative governance of artificial intelligence (AI) in the European Union, the United States, and India, focusing on various issues such as liability, bias, privacy, and AI use in judicial processes, while attending to legal, ethical, and social justice considerations. There are distinct regulatory strategies for the working of AI systems. in each jurisdiction. The EU has introduced a comprehensive AI Act with a risk- based, rights-oriented regime. The United States relies on a decentralized, agency-led model grounded in sectoral oversight and standards. India, is still formulating AI governance guidelines that emphasizes on the areas of innovation and inclusion. Despite these divergent frameworks, common concerns emerge around ensuring algorithmic accountability, protection of privacy and individual rights, preserving public trust, and preventing any discriminatory outcomes. Based on these outcomes, the paper proposes a novel multi-layered regulatory framework that deals with the integration of statutory regulation, ethical guidelines, and oversight mechanisms across different levels of governance. This approach harmonizes substantive aspect with practicality, balances innovation with accountability, and embeds ethical and social justice principles into AI regulation. By bridging these dimensions, the framework aims to ensure robust framework on liability, mitigation of bias efficiently, protection of data privacy, and responsible use of AI in judicial arena. The comparative analysis emphasize the need for cohesive AI governance that adapts to different legal systems along with the upholding common principles of justice and accountability.
creator: Vibhuti Jaswal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 242
ending page: 255

The Legal Nature of the Certificate of Possession Established under Article 39 of the Real Estate Guidance Law.
type: item
description: Considering the legal status of private property ownership after independence, most properties lack documentation and contracts. To address this issue, the Algerian legislator introduced the Certificate of Possession under Article 39 of Law No. 90-25 on real estate guidance, as amended and supplemented. This allows individuals who possess real estate without a written contract or land survey to obtain a Certificate of Possession, provided they meet certain conditions. This certificate is issued by the mayor of the municipality in which the property is located. The Certificate of Possession also encourages and promotes agricultural investment, as the Algerian legislator has granted the possessor the right to obtain building and demolition permits, as well as bank loans.
creator: Fetimi Zohra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 256
ending page: 267

Uses of modern technology in litigation in Algerian legislation
type: item
description: In response to developments in information and communication technology, judicial systems have sought to keep pace with progress, particularly following the global implementation of social distancing and lockdown measures in the wake of the 2019–2020 pandemic. This has resulted in judicial services being provided online and cases being managed through digital spaces via electronic litigation
creator: Medjahdi Khadidja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 268
ending page: 277

The Limits of Expanding Criminalization in Contemporary Criminal Law in Light of Human Security
type: item
description: The expansion of criminalization occurs when legal provisions defining additional conduct as criminal proliferate, irrespective of existing criminal law’s adequate sufficiency to deter, control, and remedy conduct already criminalized. Contemporary societies have witnessed global debates to extend criminalization to new offenses, which elicit attention from multiple academic scholars. Governments then seek legal instruments to promote justice and security in society. The effects are favorable or otherwise. Empirical analysis of selected jurisdictions worldwide reveals that an expansion of criminalization, both preventive and prohibitive, empowers the existing criminal law to deter offenses relating to public integrity, drug abuse, juristic organizations, and cybercrime. Such measures, in contrast to decriminalization, sit proportionately, supplying public safety services to humanity.
creator: Samra Belil,
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 278
ending page: 284

The role of civil justice in achieving a balance between freedom of the press and the right to private life
type: item
description: Although achieving a balance between freedom of the press and the right to private life is a delicate and difficult matter—given that both rights rise to the level of constitutional principles and enjoy equal legal force—civil protection of the right to private life against press infringements nonetheless achieves a certain degree of balance, despite its lack of deterrent effect, particularly in halting an infringement once it has begun or preventing it before it occurs through the adoption of preventive measures provided for in comparative legislation. Nor can the role of compensation for such infringements be denied, especially where the infringement is of a significant nature.
creator: Zeham Abdellah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 285
ending page: 292

The Role of Digital Transformation in Modernizing Local Administration in Algeria
type: item
description: For several decades, the world has been experiencing a massive technological revolution driven by developments in information and communication technologies. Human beings have increasingly come to rely on technology in all aspects of their daily lives, due to the numerous advantages and benefits it offers, which have enhanced its importance within society. In this context, most countries around the world have moved toward integrating and incorporating modern technology into their various economic, social, political, administrative, and organizational interventions. Administration, in particular, represents the apparatus through which the state implements its policies across all sectors, serving as a functional extension of the state itself. The Algerian government has not remained outside this technological momentum and its applications across different ministerial sectors, including the Ministry of Interior, Local Authorities, and Transport. Digital transformation in local administration constitutes a fundamental factor in enabling local communities to transition toward an operational model based on digital technologies for modernizing their functions, delivering services, and improving their quality. It represents a shift from a traditional bureaucratic environment to a modern environment centered on digitization. Achieving this objective is primarily linked to the availability of adequate digital capabilities. However, the path toward digital transformation within local communities faces several challenges—human, administrative, financial, technological, and others—especially in light of the necessity to adapt to global developments and openness within a strategic framework of cooperation with various partners and stakeholders interacting with different levels of the administrative sector.
creator: Chouih Benotmane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 293
ending page: 302

The Relationship Between the Constitutional Court and the Electoral System in Algeria -An Analytical Study-
type: item
description: The Algerian Constitutional Court is considered one of the most important independent oversight institutions, tasked with ensuring respect for the Constitution, and exercising certain competencies that are connected to other constitutional institutions and bodies, such as the National Independent Authority for Elections tasked with ensuring respect for the transparency of the electoral process across its various stages. The scope of the Constitutional Court’s intervention in its relationship with the independent authority is determined through the provisions of the Organic Law on Elections 21-01, as an institution that exercises both prior and subsequent oversight over elections of a national character.
creator: BALA ABDELAALI
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 303
ending page: 313

The Historical Development of Women's Law-abiding Behaviour in Traditional Islamic Law - Two Portraits of Hind bint Utbah
type: item
description: Hind bint Utbah, as the mother of the first Umayyad ruler, Mu'awiya, embodies the ideal of a Muslim woman in Islamic law. Yet her person hides contradictions, as in legal sources, such as the hadiths, she appears not only with this face, but also as her own legal counterpoint as a jāhiliyyah woman. The two figures always appear separated from each other, in different stories, not compared to each other, symbolizing the distance between pre-Islamic barbarism and the social relations regulated by Islam. This is of paramount importance in the field of law-abiding, as the constant presence and separation of the contrast places worlds that are historically distant into the present, since far from the rule of Islamic law, the world of Jāhiliyyah still exist - according to Islamic principles. This serves as a guide for Muslim women in the individual's internal struggle, in the true, voluntary and internal realization of following the law, so that they can integrate their entire personality into the social and moral order regulated by Islamic law through the archetype of the Muslim woman in accordance with the teachings of the Quran
creator: Adrienn Kanyar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 314
ending page: 324

The Application of Telework and Its Role in Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Algerian University Teachers Amid Current Technical and Social Challenges
type: item
description: This study sought to investigate the role that implementing timework plays in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior among Algerian university teachers , while also identifying the most prominent advantages and disadvantages of telework as experienced by this specific group; furthermore, the research endeavored to uncover the current reality of both telework and organizational citizenship within the Algerian university context, and to achieve these aims, we adopted a forward-looking, prospective study approach, allowing for a more profound examination of the variables of telework and organizational citizenship, thereby extrapolating the general trends regarding the obstacles hindering their effective application and exploring potential strategies to overcome these challenges, with the most significant findings of the study emerging as follows: first, that the implementation of telework demonstrably contributes to the improvement of organizational citizenship behavior amongst Algerian university teachers ; second, the study successfully identified the key advantages and disadvantages of telework for this academic population; and third, it provided a clearer understanding of the actual state and interplay of telework and organizational citizenship within the fabric of Algerian higher education institutions.
creator: Mohamed Taher Nakmouche
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 325
ending page: 336

From Nature to Algorithm: The Evolution and Integration of Natural (Eco-Friendly) Dyes, Foods, and Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Print Design
type: item
description: This paper explores the evolving landscape of natural dyes, with special focus on their historic, scientific, and practical ties to both foodstuffs and modern printmaking. Against the backdrop of mounting environmental and ethical challenges associated with synthetic dyes, the research retraces the journey of natural dyes from ancient civilization to contemporary sustainable practice, delves into innovative extraction and printing methodologies, and critically assesses the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) with natural dye formulation, quality control, and design. A vision for the AI-enabled future of dyeing and printmaking—where tradition meets technological stewardship—is articulated, integrating data, case studies, and regulatory context. The goal is to map pathways for the conscientious and technologically-augmented use of natural colorants in design, industry, and culture.
creator: Naglaa Muhammad Farouk Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 337
ending page: 351

The reality of e-commerce in Algeria
type: item
description: The Algerian legislator has focused on regulating e-commerce in Law 18-05. Nevertheless, Algeria still faces many challenges that hinder its broader adoption. This urges the country to seek to maximise its benefits and accelerate its transition by overcoming the obstacles to implementation. This research paper therefore addresses the reality of e-commerce in Algeria. This topic is important because e-commerce is a new and general subject that offers good investment opportunities for individuals and enterprises of all sizes, not to mention the increased speed of online financial transactions, whether between individuals or organisations, which undoubtedly impacts the economy as a whole.
creator: Amina Rahaoui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 352
ending page: 360

The Future of International Law amid the Structural and Substantive Challenges of the International System
type: item
description: This article examines the major contemporary challenges confronting international law in its effort to regulate relations among the various actors within the international system. The continuous transformations—particularly in the structural configurations of the international order—have generated fundamental challenges for international law. These can be summarized in two main aspects. The first concerns the challenges arising from structural shifts in the architecture of the international system, which have affected some of the long-established principles of international law, such as the nation-state and sovereignty, in addition to the law’s inability to adequately accommodate new actors emerging within the international arena. The second aspect pertains to conceptual and practical challenges, foremost among them the Western intellectual dominance over the conceptualization and philosophical foundations of international law, as well as the United States’ antagonistic stance toward many of its norms and institutions.
creator: Rahmani Mehdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 361
ending page: 370

The Principle of Separation of Powers in Light of the Algerian Constitutional Amendment of 2020.
type: item
description: Democratic countries tend to adopt the principle of separation of powers due to its impact on strengthening the rule of law and protecting citizens’ fundamental rights and freedoms. Different approaches have developed around this principle, all emphasizing the importance of preventing power from being held by one person alone. The British and American systems are among the most important political models. Like other political systems, Algeria’s constitutional founders adopted the principle of separation of powers, seeking to strike a balance between parliamentary and presidential systems in order to manage state interests more flexibly.
creator: Rahmani Radia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 371
ending page: 380

Hybrid Wars and the Reshaping of the Global Security System
type: item
description: This study reviews the concept of hybrid wars and compares it to traditional wars. It examines how both types of war have contributed to the reshaping of the global security system. The aim is to highlight the characteristics of these wars and the threat they pose to global security and stability. The methodology employed involves reviewing relevant academic literature and presenting real-life examples related to these wars, as well as the use of specific defence strategies within the framework of the global security system. The research concludes that these wars transcend national and regional boundaries and affect societal existence. This necessitates a re-evaluation of how states can defend themselves and protect societal security.
creator: Fatima Hamouta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 381
ending page: 389

https://crlsj.com/index.php/journal/article/view/795
type: item
title: Particularity of Procedural and Penal Systems in Embezzlement Crimes: An Analytical Study in Light of Law No. 06-01 Related to the Prevention and Fight Against Corruption, and the Provisions of Law No. 25-14 Concerning the Code of Criminal Procedure.
description: Corruption crimes, embezzlement in particular, are one of the most significant challenges facing modern states due to their negative impact on the national economy, institutional stability and public trust in administration. In recognition of the severity of these crimes and the need to combat them, Algerian legislators adopted a criminal policy emphasising intensified criminalisation and punishment, accompanied by extraordinary follow-up procedures. This policy was primarily embodied in Article 119 of the Penal Code, prior to its repeal and replacement by Article 29 of Law No. 06-01 concerning the prevention and fight against corruption, as amended and supplemented. This law also makes the procedural aspects of this crime subject to the general rules set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure, particularly following the enactment of Law No. 25-14. However, despite the existence of legislation at both the international and national levels to prevent and combat corruption crimes, this crime has not been mitigated, as evidenced by the scale of embezzlement and judicial prosecutions. Therefore, it is essential that all state institutions — legislative, executive and judicial — combine their efforts in re-evaluating the provisions of the law on the prevention and fight against corruption, enacting laws that consider severity and rigour, and removing all restrictions on the Public Prosecution’s freedom to initiate legal action in cases of corruption without being limited by any complaint.
creator: Rabie Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 390
ending page: 409

International Parental Abduction of Children (A Study in Light of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction)
type: item
description: One of the most significant issues arising from the divorce between couples of different nationalities is the dispute between parents over child custody rights. Such disputes may escalate to the extent that one parent unlawfully removes or retains the child across international borders, thereby depriving the other parent of custody and visitation rights. In order to avoid the psychological and social repercussions of cross-border abduction on the child’s stability and on his or her relationship and bond with both parents, States have concluded numerous international conventions. Among the most prominent in this field is the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, concluded on 25 October 1980, which seeks to address and put an end to violations of legally established custody and access rights by ensuring the prompt return of the child to the State of his or her habitual residence through cooperation among the authorities of the Contracting States.
creator: Chebourou Noria
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 410
ending page: 432

Digital Transformation in the Monetary and Banking Sector: “Digital Banks as a Model”
type: item
description: Digital banks are among the most modern topics in the Algerian banking field in particular and the international one in general, due to the highly advanced systems and technologies on which they rely, enabling them to provide their services in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. This results in attracting a large number of customers and thus eliminating the problem of cash liquidity, leading to the achievement of sustainable economic growth. Through this paper, I aim to shed light on the legal framework of digital banks and the extent of its adequacy in addressing the legal and technical issues arising from the banking transactions they conduct.
creator: Keltoum Benguerrach
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 433
ending page: 445

Structural Genocide as an Institutionalized Practice in Settler Colonialism: The Case of the 2023 Gaza War
type: item
description: This study examines the concept of structural genocide as one of the structural practices adopted by settler-colonial regimes in their quest to dismantle indigenous groups and destroy the elements of their physical and moral existence. Genocide here is not limited to direct mass murder, but is embodied in organized policies that target the political, economic, educational and cultural infrastructures and institutions of the society under control, thereby weakening its ability to continue as an independent entity and transforming it into a marginal group of the colonial center. In the Palestinian context, especially in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank after October 7, 2023, structural genocide is manifested in its clearest form, as it intertwined with genocide in a war that continues to this day, and in which modern tools were used, including artificial intelligence, the destruction of infrastructure, and the militarization of humanitarian aid as part of a systematic project to re-engineer Palestinian society spatially and demographically. Facts on the ground and political analyses reveal that what happened in Gaza was not a conventional war but rather an organized structural extermination, using killing, starvation, and forced displacement as tools to dismantle society and turn it into a group incapable of reproducing itself. It was also embodied in the West Bank through dismemberment, the destruction of camps, and the political and economic undermining of the Palestinian Authority. In this way, the Zionist project is reproduced in its most modern form, based on the denial of the Palestinian existence rather than merely controlling it
creator: Raid Noairat
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 446
ending page: 460

Integrating Indigenous Normative Systems into Environmental Health Governance in Western Sahara: A Public Law Perspective
type: item
description: Effective enforcement of environmental health regulations is a fundamental aspect of public law, ensuring both community welfare and environmental protection. In Western Sahara, traditional knowledge has historically guided the stewardship of natural resources, promoting coexistence between humans and their surroundings. This study explores how the integration of customary practices into legal frameworks affects compliance with environmental health norms. Employing a normative legal approach, the research examined local initiatives for managing water sources, drainage systems, and communal sanitation. Findings reveal that law enforcement relies not only on formal regulatory mechanisms but also on education and guidance provided by community leaders, which strengthens awareness of legal obligations and environmental responsibility. Traditional sanctions further function as social deterrents, reinforcing compliance through collective values and moral accountability. The study concludes that local wisdom significantly facilitates voluntary adherence to environmental laws. Communities actively participate in maintaining environmental infrastructure and engage in collective initiatives without formal compulsion. Embedding indigenous practices into public law frameworks enhances legal effectiveness, strengthens participatory governance, and supports sustainable environmental management. The findings underscore that incorporating indigenous practices within public law frameworks not only enhances compliance but also operationalizes constitutional principles of environmental protection and community-based governance.
creator: Meriem Belkessam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 461
ending page: 469

Rethinking Judicial Reform in Indonesia: A Digital Civil Procedure Perspective
type: item
description: The research examines the changing landscape of Indonesia's judicial reform through the lens of “digital civil procedure”, a framework that captures how technology and information change the administration of civil justice. The study emphasizes the importance of the traffic rule, which regulates the shift of dispute resolution from a physical courtroom to digital platforms such as e‑Court, e‑Civil, and e‑Mediation. It also highlights the role of the information rule, a set of regulatory rules governing how data is produced, managed, and distributed within a digitized dispute‑resolution environment. Together, these regulatory frameworks represent a significant step in the judiciary’s broader political reform agenda. The study deploys a doctrinal legal method with a chronological analysis of the institution to map key regulatory developments, including the implementation of the Case Tracking Information System (SIPP), simplified litigation and electronic mediation, and assesses their impact on institutional functions, judicial powers and access to justice. The results show that digital civil procedure represents the shift from structural reforms in the judiciary to functional models that make technology a central instrument for improving efficiency, transparency and administrative surveillance. At the same time, new challenges are posed, such as discrepancies in access to digital technologies, risks to procedural equity, and growing tensions between procedural innovations of courts and static provisions of traditional civil procedural law. The study concludes that Indonesia's path to modern justice depends not only on the adoption of technology, but also on the development of a coherent regulatory protection system, a data governance framework, and an inclusive digital infrastructure capable of ensuring that the efficiency of technology does not undermine the basic and procedural ideals of civil justice.
creator: Umar Mubdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 470
ending page: 481

The Application of Telework and its Role in Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Algerian University Teachers Amid Current Technical and Social Challenges
type: item
description: This study sought to investigate the role that implementing timework plays in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior among Algerian university teachers , while also identifying the most prominent advantages and disadvantages of telework as experienced by this specific group; furthermore, the research endeavored to uncover the current reality of both telework and organizational citizenship within the Algerian university context, and to achieve these aims, we adopted a forward-looking, prospective study approach, allowing for a more profound examination of the variables of telework and organizational citizenship, thereby extrapolating the general trends regarding the obstacles hindering their effective application and exploring potential strategies to overcome these challenges, with the most significant findings of the study emerging as follows: first, that the implementation of telework demonstrably contributes to the improvement of organizational citizenship behavior amongst Algerian university teachers ; second, the study successfully identified the key advantages and disadvantages of telework for this academic population; and third, it provided a clearer understanding of the actual state and interplay of telework and organizational citizenship within the fabric of Algerian higher education institutions.
creator: Mohamed Taher Nakmouche
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 482
ending page: 492

Startups: A Leading Economic Model for Supporting Economic Development
type: item
description: This study seeks to demonstrate the importance of startups in achieving economic development amid the transformations taking place in the global economy toward a knowledge- and innovation-based economy. Startups have become one of the most important driving forces of economic growth because of their ability to develop innovative solutions based on modern technology and knowledge. The study aims to highlight the role these institutions play in supporting the economy through job creation, the promotion of innovation and technological advancement, and their contribution to the diversification of the national economy. It also sheds light on the impact of startups in fostering economic growth and increasing productivity, in addition to their role in attracting investment and improving the business environment. This study was conducted to highlight the extent of the contribution of these institutions to supporting the transition toward the digital economy and the knowledge economy, as they are among the most important pillars of economic development in the modern era. The article concluded that supporting startups represents a strategic option for achieving sustainable economic development and enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy.
creator: Louni Nacera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 493
ending page: 507

Divorce and Female Entrepreneurship: Between Source of Motivation and Societal Constraints
type: item
description: This article investigates the relationship between divorce and female entrepreneurship in Algeria, focusing on divorced women operating in the handicraft sector in the wilaya of Tizi-Ouzou. While divorce is typically framed as a private or legal event, this study conceptualizes it as a structural rupture with profound social, economic, symbolic, and identity consequences. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted in 2025 with ten divorced women entrepreneurs, the research examines how divorce functions simultaneously as a catalyst for economic initiative and as a mechanism reinforcing structural inequalities. Anchored in a socio-constructivist feminist framework and informed by Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic violence, intersectionality theory, feminist economics, and embeddedness theory, the article analyzes how gendered habitus, social stigma, limited social capital, and institutional norms shape entrepreneurial trajectories. Findings demonstrate that female entrepreneurship in this context is primarily necessity-driven, emerging as a survival strategy following economic vulnerability and weak institutional support in addition to the pressure of society. However, entrepreneurial practices remain embedded within systems of male domination, moral surveillance, and restricted mobility. The study argues that divorced women’s entrepreneurship constitutes a paradoxical space: a site of resilience and partial emancipation that simultaneously reproduces gender hierarchies. By integrating marital status into entrepreneurship studies, the article contributes to sociological debates on gendered economic agency in post-divorce contexts.
creator: Nouara Ait Seddik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 508
ending page: 513

Modern Investigation and Inquiry Methods in Algerian Criminal Procedure Law
type: item
description: The amended Criminal Procedure Code grants judicial police officers broad investigative powers, including exceptional measures that affect constitutional rights and require legal safeguards. Traditional tools proved inadequate against evolving transnational and cybercrime. Recent reforms introduced special techniques to strengthen enforcement while ensuring oversight, aligning national procedures with international standards.
creator: Fawzia Ayad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 514
ending page: 521

Legal Frameworks And Accountability Mechanisms For Preventing Arbitrary Detention In Immigration Enforcement
type: item
description: Arbitrary detention in immigration enforcement has remained one of the primary concerns that collide with human rights, characterizing a violation of the right to liberty and freedom, hence, challenging the principles of due process, fairness, and the rule of law. Therefore, the current study has explored the topic from an international outlook by inspecting the existing legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms for preventing arbitrary detention in immigration enforcement. It was noted that international policies/frameworks like the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (UDHR), the “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” (ICCPR), and the “Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment” (CAT) all advocate for the prevention of arbitrary detention, clearly defining it as a violation of human rights which is subject to legal procedures. Besides, multiple other international conventions for the rights of migrants have also dictated that the migrants should not be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention that goes against the law or violate human rights by challenging their freedom and liberty. Overall, the present work has outlined distinct facets of arbitrary detention in immigration enforcement expanding on the international legal dialogues and accountability mechanisms for preventing such arrests. The study suggests that by embracing alternatives to detention, strengthening oversight mechanisms, and promoting dialogue and cooperation at the national, regional, and international levels, stakeholders can work together to ensure that immigration enforcement upholds fundamental principles of fairness, justice, and respect for human rights, thereby fostering a more inclusive and humane approach to managing migration.
creator: Abdallah Suleiman Abuzaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 522
ending page: 528

The Role of the Financial Intelligence Unit in Combating Corruption and promoting the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals
type: item
description: The Financial Intelligence Unit plays a pivotal role in combating corruption and money laundering, and indirectly contributes to achieving sustainable development goals by promoting transparency and economic stability. The following is a comparative analysis of Algeria, Morocco, France, and the United States. This study concluded that the Financial Intelligence Unit is affiliated with the Ministry of Finance in most countries, given its effective role in curbing corruption and achieving sustainable development goals by protecting public funds from misuse and embezzlement through illicit means such as money laundering.
creator: Sakina Merad Boudia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 529
ending page: 549

The Lawyer’s Rights under the Algerian New Code of Criminal ProcedureA Contemporary Analysis in Light of Modern Criminal Justice Trends
type: item
description: In legal doctrine, the right to defense is viewed as inseparable from the act of accusation: wherever an accusation exists, so too does the right to defense, and justice cannot be achieved without it. This principle is firmly established in international agreements, various national constitutions, and relevant domestic laws. In contemporary legal systems, this principle is increasingly interpreted in light of digital justice and procedural transparency, ensuring that technological tools do not undermine defense guarantees but rather enhance them. There exists a close connection between the rights of the defense and the rights of the lawyer, as the right to defense is an inherent and original right of the accused. This is evident in the notification of charges, the right to legal assistance, and the right to present evidence. Today, this connection extends to the lawyer’s role in handling digital evidence and safeguarding procedural fairness in algorithm-assisted investigations. On the other hand, the rights of the lawyer serve as a practical extension of the rights of the defense, providing the necessary professional tools for the accused to effectively exercise their right to defense. This understanding led the First President of the Court of Cassation in France during the reign of Louis XV to state: “The legal profession is as ancient as the judiciary, as noble as virtue, and as necessary as justice”. Nowadays, these tools include access to electronic case files, participation in virtual hearings, and the ability to challenge automated decision-making processes in criminal justice systems. To explore the rights of the lawyer under Law No.25-14 related to the Code of Criminal Procedure, we have organized this work into two primary sections. The first section addresses the rights of the lawyer during the inquiry and investigation phases, while the second section discusses the rights of the lawyer during the trial and execution phases, concluding with a summary that …
creator: Djedidi Talal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 550
ending page: 566

Entitled ‘Issues in the Enforcement of Administrative Court Judgments and Decisions’.
type: item
description: The topic of difficulties in enforcing administrative court judgements against the administration is important because it raises complex and sensitive legal and judicial issues. This is because the administration infringes individuals’ rights and freedoms due to its special public authority prerogatives. Through these prerogatives, it can avoid enforcing court judgements, especially administrative ones. Consequently, the principle of res judicata (the binding force of a final judgment) is undermined, despite administrative court rulings possessing this principle. This creates a significant discrepancy between litigants’ trust in administrative courts and the practical obstacles that prevent judgements from being enforced. This situation poses a serious threat to the prestige of the administrative judiciary by undermining individuals’ expectations that it will provide a safe refuge against the administration’s arbitrariness. We address the enforcement of administrative judicial decisions issued against the administration, relying on our own experience, whether legislative or judicial, because the administration often refuses to execute these judgements and ignores its legal obligations.
creator: Boutaleb Hadjer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 567
ending page: 579

Electronic Economic Espionage, the New Face of Cybercrimes Affecting State Security.
type: item
description: Economic espionage is one of the risks that companies and governments pay great attention to combating, as it poses a threat to stability and economic development. The digital revolution and the total reliance on digital communications have doubled the emphasis of companies and officials on preserving trade secrets from robbery and theft, and have also made it easier for hackers to access the data and secrets of companies and economic institutions.
creator: Nacera Khouas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 580
ending page: 590

The Role of Foreign Investment in Achieving Economic Development
type: item
description: Foreign investment is widely recognised as a key driver of economic development. In Algeria, it has become a central objective of the state, with various programmes, plans and policies aimed at promoting the economy and achieving development that benefits both the state and society. Like other countries worldwide, Algeria seeks to attract foreign investment because of its positive impact on various fields, such as mobilising financial capital, reducing unemployment, restructuring national enterprises and transferring technology, thereby strengthening the national economy.
creator: Hammadi Amel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 591
ending page: 596

The Theory of Contractual Imbalance in the Context of Contemporary Economic Crises: A Comparative Analytical Study of Algerian and French Civil Law
type: item
description: This study aims to analyse the theory of contractual imbalance as a modern legal mechanism for achieving contractual justice in the context of contemporary economic crises, which have caused significant disruption to contractual relationships, particularly long-term ones. Rapid economic changes such as inflation, price volatility and global crises have shown that traditional civil law rules based on the principle of contractual obligation and the will of the parties are inadequate for dealing with the excessive burdens borne by one party due to unforeseen circumstances. The study examines the conceptual and legal framework of the theory of contractual imbalance, setting it apart from related theories such as the general theory of unforeseen circumstances, economic duress and force majeure. It also highlights instances of contractual imbalance in Algerian civil law, particularly in relation to the abuse of rights and breach of the principle of good faith. The study also sheds light on legislative developments in French civil law, particularly the 2016 amendment establishing the principle of renegotiation and granting judges broader authority to modify or terminate contracts in the event of imbalances. Employing a comparative analytical approach, the study concludes that, while the theory of contractual imbalance is not explicitly enshrined in Algerian civil law, it includes implicit mechanisms for addressing it. However, these mechanisms are less effective than those in France, which highlights the need for legislative reform that balances transaction stability and contractual justice.
creator: Souhila Kortebi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 597
ending page: 609

Investigating Neologisms in Politics
type: item
description: This article investigates the emergence and function of neologisms within political discourse, defining them as linguistic tools that reflect social, economic, and political shifts. By examining politics as both the art of governance and a process of conflict resolution, the study explores how politicians deliberately coin “coded” language to manipulate public opinion, conceal truths, or simplify complex ideological goals. These terms are classified into referential and expressive categories, providing a historical analysis of 19 specific examples—such as “normalcy,” “vietnamization,” and "intifada"—to demonstrate how new lexical units become embedded in the collective consciousness during times of crisis. Ultimately, the research concludes that while neologisms enrich language through cultural contact and borrowing, their primary role in the political arena is to function as tools for “language manipulation” to serve undeclared governmental aims.
creator: Zirari Sana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 610
ending page: 620

The Legal Doctrine of Forgery and Fraud in Roman Criminal Law with Special Reference to Counterfeiting
type: item
description: This paper examines the regulation of falsum in Roman law, with particular regard to forgery and counterfeiting. It outlines the gradual development of the relevant legal framework from the late Republic to the Imperial period, with special attention to the role of the Lex Cornelia de falsis and subsequent imperial legislation. Certain forms of fraudulent conduct, especially those associated with dolus malus, were originally treated as private-law delicts and sanctioned through praetorian remedies. Only later did such conduct come to be regarded, in specific cases, as a matter of criminal law. The study also considers the principal categories of offences traditionally grouped under falsum, including testamentary forgery, falsification of documents, and offences connected with coinage. Within this framework, particular emphasis is placed on counterfeiting and its transformation from a property-related offence into a form of crimen laesae maiestatis. The analysis is based primarily on the relevant passages of the Digesta and the Pauli sententiae, and seeks to identify the main elements of the Roman legal approach to falsification.
creator: István Hottó
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 621
ending page: 629

The Nasciturus at the Intersection of the Protection of Life and Self-Determination: A Comparative Analysis of Constitutional Conflicts
type: item
description: This thesis examines the legal status of the nasciturus at the intersection of state protection of life and a pregnant woman’s right to self-determination in Germany and Hungary. The point of departure is the constitutional conflict of interests between the protection of unborn life and the woman’s autonomous decision-making. While German law seeks to achieve a structured balance through a combination of criminal prohibition and systematic exceptions, Hungarian law exhibits an increasingly life-protection-oriented trajectory, characterized by constitutional court restraint and political influence. The analysis demonstrates that, despite similar starting points, both legal systems pursue different doctrinal approaches and ultimately do not conclusively resolve the conflict, but instead assign it differing normative and political weight. The thesis concludes that abortion remains an expression of a persistent tension in both systems, one that can be resolved neither purely legally nor conclusively at the societal level.
creator: jur. Dejan Dujic
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 630
ending page: 645

The Final Investigation in a Public Prosecution: Balancing the Protection of the Accused and the Achievement of Justice
type: item
description: The final investigation phase in public prosecution is considered the decisive stage in the criminal proceedings, during which evidence is presented and discussed before a competent judicial authority to rule on the charges against the defendant, either by conviction or acquittal. The study focuses on the organization of criminal courts under Algerian law, particularly the Criminal Court, the Misdemeanor Court, and the Minor Offenses Court, in terms of their jurisdiction, composition, procedures for convening, and the conduct of proceedings before them. It also addressed the developments introduced by Law No. 25-14, which includes the Code of Criminal Procedure, and which strengthened procedural safeguards and enshrined the principles of criminal justice by improving trial procedures, regulating appeal mechanisms, and enhancing the legal framework to ensure procedural transparency and the soundness of judicial rulings.
creator: Sadok Mehdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 646
ending page: 654

Unifying Cyber Defenses: Aligning State Actions with Global Legal Standards
type: item
description: As state anti-cyber operations increase, countries are using coordinated nonviolent responses—like publicly blaming attackers, imposing sanctions, and working together—but the international laws on these responses are not clear. This paper analyzes the disjuncture between developing state practice and contemporary international law governing countermeasures, particularly with regard to attribution, necessity, and proportionality in collective responses. Using doctrinal legal analysis and purposive comparative case studies (WannaCry 2017, NotPetya 2017, SolarWinds 2020, and The Republic of Albania v. the Islamic Republic of Iran 2022), it maps patterns of state behavior, identifies gaps in the applicable law relevant to countermeasures in traditional international law as established by the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility (including notable omissions in articles #42 and #54) and examines both the legitimacy and plethora contributing to what present-day norms dictate as limitations for collective countermeasures. The analysis identifies growing pragmatic endorsement of coordinated non-kinetic measures but stubborn uncertainty regarding standing, evidentiary thresholds for attribution, and appropriate action thresholds. To align practice with law, the paper designs a calibrated third-party model—multistate protocols for independent attribution, predetermined thresholds for joint non-kinetic measures, and coordination mechanisms across institutions—designed to enhance deterrence while limiting lawless escalation. The paper also contains the key takeaways and policy recommendations for legal clarification, institution innovation, and confidence building between like-minded states.
creator: Khalifa Alkuwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 655
ending page: 661

Breach of the obligation to declare risk in Algerian insurance law
type: item
description: Risk is considered the essential element in the insurance contract, and it plays a role in determining the insurer’s position regarding insurance, whether acceptance or refusal. The nature and severity of the risk also have a direct impact on determining the amount of the premium that the insured is obliged to pay. Therefore, the Algerian legislator has required the insured, at the time of concluding the contract, to declare all data and circumstances, and has also obliged them to declare any change or aggravation of the risk. The legislator has established specific and exceptional sanctions for violating these obligations, which differ depending on whether the insured acts in good faith or bad faith.
creator: Boufeldja Abderrahmane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 662
ending page: 669

The Hybrid Nature Of The Management Act: Between Legal Logic And Managerial Rationality
type: item
description: The criminalization of management acts raises a structural tension between criminal liability and economic rationality, particularly within public economic enterprises. In the absence of stabilized normative criteria, judges are often led to assess managerial acts solely based on their outcomes, to the detriment of the executive's legal certainty. This article proposes a functional typology of management acts (routine, circumstantial, and risk-based) and demonstrates that their hybrid nature necessitates a differentiated evaluation of their legitimacy. By mobilizing risk governance standards and the logic of the Business Judgment Rule, this study defends a conception of legal certainty as a prerequisite for decisional rationality. It advocates for a hybrid evaluation model that reconciles the review of legality with a contextualized assessment of the managerial decision.
creator: Boudebza Djahida
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 670
ending page: 683

Assessment of Adjudication as a Method of Dispute Resolution in the Construction Industry in Nigeria
type: item
description: The construction business in Nigeria shows about 9.4% contribution to the GDP of that country. However, in Nigeria, long-lasting conflicts still discourage the realization of projects and economic growth. There are serious gaps in the traditional litigation mechanisms, which comprise excessive delays, prohibitive costs, and commercial conflict, which could take 5-15 years to close. Despite the wide acceptance of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods, there is a wide disparity between the perceived benefits of this method and how they are being applied in the Nigerian legal and institutional environment. In this paper, the study determines the practicability of adjudication as a dispute resolution tool in the Nigerian construction sector through an analytical paradigm that consists of four important dimensions: timeliness, enforceability, accessibility, and legitimacy. Based on comparative research on the successful experience of statutory adjudication in the United Kingdom and Singapore, the paper considers the applicability to the legal, institutional, and economic context of Nigeria in terms of the benefits of adjudication, such as 28-day decision time, technical competency, and an interim binding decision. The systematic literature review and the comparative legal analysis are the methods through which the present study determines the systemic requirements to ensure the successful implementation of adjudication, and investigates the legislative gaps, institutional, and stakeholder constraints that restrict its application at the moment. The paper reveals that although adjudication has strong theoretical merits compared to the existing dispute resolution methods, the lack of a statutory facility, poor institutional infrastructure, and lack of capacity among the stakeholders make adjudication practically ineffective in Nigeria. These findings can be used to put in perspective the ways that emerging economies can adopt international best practices in dispute …
creator: Olaosebikan Ogunfiditimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 684
ending page: 699

Unjustified Privileges in Public Contracts
type: item
description: Public contracts are among the most important tools that the Algerian legislator has placed in the hands of the administration to meet public needs and achieve public benefit. They constitute the main channel through which public funds circulate. Accordingly, Algerian legislation has attached great importance to them by regulating the contract award phase, subjecting them to specific oversight, and granting them a more effective and stringent form of protection than others, namely criminal protection of the rules governing public contracts within the framework of the law relating to the prevention and fight against corruption. This is intended to ensure the efficiency of public procurement and to strengthen the principles of transparency, integrity, and fair competition. However, despite the legislator’s efforts to establish a preventive system aimed at safeguarding public funds and rationalizing public expenditure, violations may occur by those in charge of public contracts, through the granting of unjustified privileges either intentionally or as a result of error. This constitutes a breach of the legislative and regulatory provisions governing public contracts and an infringement of the principles of freedom of participation, equality, and procedural transparency.
creator: Fouzia Hachemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 700
ending page: 712

The Iranian–Israeli Conflict: The Deterrence Structure and the Limits of Confrontation
type: item
description: This article examines the nature of the conflict between Iran and Israel from the perspective of the deterrence structure and the limits of confrontation between the two sides in light of the Geopolitical shifts in the Middle East. The study aims to analyse the nature of the Non-reciprocal deterrence that has developed between the two sides, which relies on greater conventional military capabilities, Regional proxies and indirect operations. The study proceeds from the premise that the Iranian-Israeli conflict is not necessarily heading towards total war, but rather takes the form of a limited and controlled confrontation governed by calculations of mutual deterrence and regional balances of power. The study employs an analytical methodology to explain the dynamics of strategic interaction between the two sides, focusing on the role of proxy warfare, limited strikes and Cyber operations in shaping the deterrence equation. The study concludes that the existing deterrence structure between Iran and Israel has helped to reduce the likelihood of a large-scale direct confrontation, but at the same time creates a fragile security environment characterised by recurring crises and the potential for uncalculated escalation.
creator: Zineb Kolei
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 713
ending page: 725

Administrative Responsibility of the Hospital for Medical Errors
type: item
description: The article addressed the administrative responsibility of public hospitals for medical errors, explaining the difference between personal error on the part of an employee and an error associated with the facility itself, for which the administration bears responsibility. Liability depends on the existence of fault, damage, and causation, taking into account the specificity of medical activity and patient protection, and may include liability for minor errors or the normal risks of the activity. The article reviews the legal development of this liability from linking the employee's fault directly to the administration to indirect liability according to the principle of guarantee, highlighting the role of the administrative judiciary in applying the rules of administrative liability and ensuring compensation for the injured, thereby achieving a balance between the rights of patients and the continuity of the health facility.
creator: Salaheddine chergui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 726
ending page: 733

The Accused’s Right to Be Informed of the Modified Legal Classification and to Respond Thereto: A Comparative Study between Algerian and French Law in Light of Fair Trial Standards
type: item
description: The accused’s right to be informed of the modified legal classification and to respond thereto is considered one of the guarantees of a fair trial. Legal classification determines the nature of the offence, the penalty, jurisdiction, and the limits of the defence. Therefore, its modification during trial is not legitimate unless the accused is informed of it and enabled to discuss it. Through this study, we concluded that the criminal judge has the authority to reclassify the facts, but only within the limits of the facts subject to prosecution and without adding new elements that were not discussed. The study also showed that French law is clearer in protecting this right through judicial case law, whereas Algerian law needs more explicit provisions requiring the court to alert the accused to the new classification and grant him sufficient opportunity to respond.
creator: Saoucen Kadri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 734
ending page: 748

Smart Contracts: A Legal Revolution in the Contractual System
type: item
description: Smart contracts are considered a legal revolution in the contractual system, as they represent one of the revolutionary innovations that reshape the concept of contracts. This is achieved through their legal contribution to the development of contractual standards, which is reflected in their impact on changing the parties to the contractual relationship and the possibility of replacing them with intelligent agents and smart robots, as well as their impact on the manner in which the contract is concluded and executed. This leads to considering the contract as self-concluding, as it is capable of moving from the negotiation stage to the formation of a binding obligation automatically, without direct human intervention at the moment of contract formation, and as self-executing, by virtue of the feature of execution inevitability.
creator: Lahlou Khadidja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 749
ending page: 759

Media in the Age of Artificial Intelligence in Algeria: Opportunities and Challenges
type: item
description: The media is currently undergoing a radical transformation, as it is gradually coming to rely on artificial intelligence to gather news, analyzing data, and delivering it to the public via digital platforms more quickly and often for free. This increases media efficiency and improves its quality; consequently, artificial intelligence is creating numerous opportunities. However, alongside these opportunities, the media faces various challenges, most notably the spread of fake news and data, the reduction of traditional media
creator: Bouchenna Lila
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 760
ending page: 765

Privacy of the Provisions Related to Customs Offences in Algerian Legislation: A Reading between Act and Effect
type: item
description: Customs crime is a special category of offence in Algerian legislation due to its subject matter (the movement of goods and people), the means used to commit it and the customs territory in which it occurs. It is also tied to state security and stability, making it necessary to establish legal controls aimed at protecting the national economy, ensuring the proper functioning of commercial exchanges and safeguarding public funds. The Algerian legislator has therefore devoted distinctive legal provisions to customs offences, whether regarding the criminal act itself — its description and classification — or regarding its effects: penalties. These penalties combine criminal, financial and administrative characteristics, reflecting the specific nature of customs offences compared to ordinary crimes. A reading of the special provisions governing customs offences in Algerian legislation therefore shows the intention of the legislator to reinforce legal protection for the customs sphere while taking into account what has been established in overlapping areas by other domestic legislations.
creator: Nouha Chirouf
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 766
ending page: 783

The Environment: Between Challenge and Sustainability of Resources
type: item
description: Talking about the environment is not a coincidence or a passing event, but rather the result of current developments and issues that require deep and accurate analysis. Alongside the reality of climate change and its fluctuations, we also encounter the issue of biodiversity and its associated challenges, particularly with regard to the impact on species diversity, including plants, animals and others. Not to mention the problem of pollution in its various forms and its transboundary effects. We must also consider the phenomenon of desertification and its spread across arable land, which significantly impacts its quality and yield. This has affected water levels and scarcity in some areas, as well as deteriorating water quality, which has a direct impact on various development projects. The challenge today is to make good use of these programmes and projects in a way that benefits the environment and individuals as an inevitable result of sustainable development policy, especially with regard to waste management. We must also search for ways to finance and diversify sources of wealth as an alternative to the traditional economy and intensify efforts with various stakeholders, including individuals, associations, civil society organisations, companies and others.
creator: Betit Imrane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 784
ending page: 794

Legal Liability for Greenwashing in Light of Consumer Protection and Sustainable Investment
type: item
description: This study addresses the phenomenon of greenwashing as a contemporary legal challenge affecting market integrity and the transparency of sustainable investment in Algeria. The research problem lies in how to confront these misleading practices in the absence of an explicit legislative provision criminalizing them, despite the existence of general rules within consumer protection and competition laws that can be inferred to deter such behavior. The study concludes that it is necessary to adopt a dual approach to liability combining civil compensation to redress damages suffered by consumers and competitors, and criminal deterrence to protect the economic and environmental public order, while emphasizing the importance of the integration of roles between regulatory bodies and consumer protection associations in uncovering false claims. The study concludes with a recommendation that the Algerian legislator introduce specific provisions criminalizing greenwashing and obliging institutions to adhere to international standards to ensure the credibility of environmental data, thereby achieving an effective balance between freedom of economic initiative and the consumer’s right to truthful information.
creator: Reguieg Aboubakre Essedik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 795
ending page: 809

The impact of artificial intelligence on e-commerce
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence is the product of the modern technological renaissance witnessed by the entire world, thanks to the human mind's development of precise technologies and complex systems translated by computers, which have become an alternative to humans in meeting their various needs. Artificial intelligence has penetrated all areas of life, taking the lead in managing public and private affairs for individuals and institutions, thanks to the accuracy, quality, speed, and high efficiency it achieves. Today, it represents a sensitive chord in all sectors, whether economic, social, educational, cultural, or health, especially the e-commerce sector, with its widespread popularity in purchasing goods and products, and providing services through certified and secure commercial websites, thanks to effective artificial intelligence systems. Artificial intelligence has contributed, and continues to contribute, to solving complex problems and facilitating commercial obstacles, so that the consumer or customer can easily purchase what he needs. On the other hand, AI may pose some risks to online consumers, particularly with regard to their personal data being misused, the receipt of goods with non-standard specifications, biased algorithms in the procurement of goods and services, and other negative aspects of AI.
creator: Sanqara Aisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 810
ending page: 823

Preventing Drug Use among Minors) A Legal Study
type: item
description: The study analyzes the psychological and social factors contributing to drug use among minors, As a crucial age stage that forms the foundation of a person's future. Drug use is considered behavior contrary to societal morals, making it essential to identify the causes of its spread and escalation during adolescence to reduce and eliminate it. This paper reviews the key psychological and social factors contributing to drug use among minors And addressing it from a legal perspective.
creator: Mebkhoti Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 824
ending page: 830

The Strategy of Algerian Economic Diplomacy in Strengthening African Partnerships: The Intra-African Trade Fair (IATF), 4–10 September 2025
type: item
description: International diplomacy functions as a strategic tool which operates past political boundaries to create economic growth and boost national position in the worldwide arena. The fast-changing global political and economic landscape drives Algeria to adopt a diplomatic strategy which unites political stability with economic goals to build its economic strength and spread its influence across international and regional domains. The orientation becomes essential because Algeria exists in multiple important geographical areas which stem from its African connection to the southern hinterland. The African extension establishes Algeria as a strategic location which enables vital interactions between African communities across the continent. Algeria has set its sights on discovering economic opportunities throughout Africa because this strategy enables the nation to build stronger trade ties between African nations which supports sustainable development goals. Algeria works to improve its diplomatic relations through continuous efforts which focus on economic and political relations because the African market demands strong competition from leading economic powers that want to control economic resources.
creator: Rim Ghrib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 831
ending page: 836

Climate Change-Induced Environmental Displacement: A Legal Challenge to the Effectiveness of Humanitarian Assistance in Armed Conflicts
type: item
description: This study aims to clarify the implications of the failure to establish a legal status for ‘environmentally displaced persons’ under the rules of international humanitarian law. This is primarily in relation to the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance directed towards them, given that they are victims of the combined effects of both climate change and the threat of ongoing armed conflicts, such as those in Yemen and Gaza. The study concluded that this lack of recognition has resulted in a deterioration of the humanitarian situation of environmentally displaced persons within conflict zones, increased pressure on humanitarian organizations, and a shortage of humanitarian assistance funding, thereby posing a legal challenge to the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance directed towards them during armed conflicts.
creator: Hafiza Zaafour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 837
ending page: 854

The Probative Value of Electronic Documents and Electronic Signature in Evidence under Law No. 26-02
type: item
description: The technological development led to expanding the scope of digitization as well as driving electronic transactions to evolve beyond their traditional status into a more efficient digital format. On this basis, the Algerian legislator has accorded particular attention this matter by amending the Law No. 15-04 of 2015 by virtue of the Law No. 26-02 dated on 17 February 2026, which establishes the general rules governing trust services for electronic transactions and electronic identification. This legislative reform also ensures equality between the electronic signature and electronic documents, on the one hand, and the handwritten signature and paper-based documents, on the other hand, with respect to their probative value.
creator: Bensot Soraya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 18
number: 1
starting page: 855
ending page: 864