Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice
Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice Journal Title: Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice (An international peer-reviewed academic journal) ISSN: 1948-9137, e-ISSN: 2162-2752 Publisher: Auricle Global Society of Education and Research Publisher Address: Y-18-A, Near Sanskar Play School, Sudarshana Nagar, Bikaner, Rajasthan (India), Pin 334004 Publisher E-Mail: publisher@agser.org Frequency: twice a year (July and November) Acceptance Rate (2023): 16% Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice publishes mainly original empirical research and review articles focusing on hot emerging topics, e.g., organizational artificial intelligence governance, mobility justice, machine ethics, online privacy protection behavior, big data-driven algorithmic decision-making, network connectivity systems, automation anxiety, surveillance capitalism, social media regulation, sustainable urban mobility in the sharing economy, etc. This journal considers only manuscripts having a high integrative value in the current Scopus- and Web of Science-indexed literature (i.e., citing preponderantly Q1 and Q2 sources published in the past two years). For collective SLR RTs, we may provide a somewhat standard structure and a list of reliable data visualization and (reporting and methodological) quality assessment tools. Review of Contemporary Philosophy is indexed and/or abstracted in: Academic Search Alumni Edition Academic Search Complete Academic Search Elite Academic Search Premier CEEOL Cengage Learning/Gale CNKI Scholar Crossref DeepDyve Dimensions/Digital Science EBSCOhost EBSCO Discovery Service ERIH PLUS HeinOnline Hinari Index Islamicus International Bibliography of the Social Sciences Legal Collection Political Science ProQuest Scopus SHERPA/RoMEO Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
Auricle Global Society of Education and Research
Reframing Kausa Halal in Cross-Border E-Commerce: Doctrinal Revival and Regulatory Innovation in Indonesia's Digital Contract Law
In Indonesia, the doctrine of kausa halal (lawful cause) remains a formal requirement for contract validity under both civil law and Islamic jurisprudence. However, in the context of cross-border e-commerce, the application of this doctrine has become increasingly fragmented and invisible. This article investigates the normative erosion of kausa halal in digital transactions and argues for its reconstruction as a cross-border regulatory filter rather than a purely doctrinal condition. Using a normative-comparative approach, the study examines Indonesian civil code provisions, Islamic commercial law, and the structural design of platform-based commerce. It reveals that global digital contracting mechanisms—such as clickwrap agreements and smart contracts—systematically displace moral review and jurisdictional safeguards. Drawing on comparative frameworks from the European Union, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates, the study proposes a harmonization model that reframes kausa halal through mandatory legal rules, platform-level compliance duties, interoperable halal certification systems, and smart contract design. The findings advocate for a doctrinal and institutional reconfiguration of lawful cause in Indonesian digital contract law, aiming to protect consumer rights, religious identity, and legal coherence in an increasingly borderless digital market.
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Cyber security Governance in Public Institutions: A Legal Risk Assessment Model for Indonesia’s Digital Transformation
Indonesia’s rapid digital transformation has expanded the role of public institutions as custodians of critical data and providers of essential electronic services. However, this transition has not been matched by a coherent and enforceable cyber security governance framework. Existing regulations—dispersed across the ITE Law, PDP Law, PP 71/2019, and sectoral instruments—remain fragmented, inconsistent, and limited in binding force. Institutional mandates are similarly diffuse, with the National Cyber and Encryption Agency (BSSN), Kominfo, OJK, BI, and sectoral ministries exercising overlapping authorities. These doctrinal and structural weaknesses leave Indonesia vulnerable to escalating cyber threats, including ransomware attacks, data breaches, and systemic disruptions to public services. This article develops a Legal Risk Assessment Model (LRAM) tailored to Indonesia’s public institutions, integrating normative legal research and comparative analysis. Drawing on best practices from Estonia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom—jurisdictions with advanced public-sector cyber governance—the model proposes four interrelated components: (1) a unified statutory framework through a dedicated Cybersecurity Act; (2) a centralized national authority with clear enforcement powers; (3) mandatory, standardized risk assessment and incident-reporting obligations; and (4) institutional oversight mechanisms ensuring accountability and transparency. The proposed model reconceptualizes cyber security not merely as a technical function but as a legal and administrative governance obligation. The study concludes that adopting the LRAM would significantly strengthen Indonesia’s cyber resilience, harmonize public-sector security standards, enhance public trust, and support sustainable digital transformation. The model offers a reform pathway that aligns national regulatory structures with global norms while remaining sensitive to Indonesia’s institutional context.
Legal Protection of the Right to Work for Workers with Mental Health Disorders: A Critical Comparative Analysis between Indonesian Labor Law and ILO Standards
This article examines the extent to which Indonesian labor law protects the right to work for individuals with mental health disorders, and compares these protections with the standards set by the International Labour Organization (ILO). While Indonesia has ratified key international instruments such as the CRPD and ILO Convention No. 111, its domestic legal framework lacks specific, enforceable provisions regarding mental health-based discrimination, reasonable accommodation, and inclusive employment practices. Using a normative-comparative method, the study analyzes national statutes and ILO conventions, identifying gaps in legislative clarity, institutional implementation, and cultural acceptance. The ILO framework, particularly Conventions No. 159 and 111, offers detailed standards on equality of opportunity, vocational rehabilitation, and protection from indirect discrimination—areas where Indonesian law remains deficient. The article proposes harmonization strategies, including legal amendments, institutional reform, and ratification of ILO Convention No. 159. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on disability-inclusive labor law and underscore the urgent need for Indonesia to strengthen legal protections for workers with psychosocial disabilities.
Criminal Liability of Fraudulent Debtors in the Framework of Actio Pauliana: A Doctrinal and Normative Reconstruction in Indonesian Law
Debtor misconduct in the form of asset transfers aimed at defeating creditor claims presents a serious challenge to the effectiveness of Indonesia’s civil and criminal legal systems. While actio pauliana, as codified in Article 1341 of the Indonesian Civil Code, provides a civil remedy to annul such prejudicial acts, its operation remains disconnected from the criminal law framework. This article examines the doctrinal gap between civil annulment and penal enforcement, particularly in cases where debtor conduct reflects structured and intentional deception. Using a normative legal research methodology supported by comparative analysis of the Dutch and Singaporean legal systems, this study explores the overlap between civil bad faith and criminal fraudulent intent. The findings reveal that Indonesian courts and prosecutors have not developed an integrated approach to apply Article 378 of the Penal Code in cases involving debtor fraud, despite the presence of circumstantial indicators such as concealment, collusion, undervaluation, and asset dissipation. This article proposes a dual-track sanction model that allows actio pauliana to operate alongside penal prosecution when debtor conduct meets defined thresholds of criminal intent. The model includes doctrinal integration, procedural connectivity, and institutional reforms involving judges, curators, and law enforcement. It also provides legal safeguards to prevent over-criminalization and ensure proportionality. Ultimately, this study offers a legal reconstruction that aligns creditor protection with principles of justice and deterrence, reinforcing the integrity of Indonesia’s insolvency and commercial enforcement system.
Protection Of Property Rights In Cases Of Land Deed Forgery: A Comparative Study Of Good Faith And Legal Formalism In Indonesian And English Land Law
Land deed forgery poses a serious threat to the integrity of property rights and legal certainty in both civil and common law systems. This article presents a comparative doctrinal analysis of how Indonesian and English legal systems address the conflict between good faith protection and legal formalism in cases involving forged land documents. In Indonesia, forged deeds are void ab initio, and courts may cancel derived land certificates unless the acquirer can prove good faith and physical possession, supported by the five-year limitation rule under Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997. Conversely, English law emphasizes title by registration under the Land Registration Act 2002, where registered ownership is presumed valid, with limited exceptions for rectification and statutory indemnity. This study finds that Indonesia favors substantive justice through judicial evaluation of good faith, whereas England prioritizes certainty and marketability through statutory formalism. Each system has its strengths and limitations: Indonesia enables moral responsiveness but lacks consistency and compensatory mechanisms; England ensures predictable outcomes but offers limited restoration in morally complex scenarios. The article concludes with reform proposals, including the adoption of an indemnity fund in Indonesia and refinement of rectification thresholds in England. Ultimately, effective protection against land deed forgery requires both structural reliability and equitable flexibility.
Asset Recovery Regulation in Corruption Cases: Comparative Legal Frameworks in Southeast Asia under the UNCAC Perspective
Asset recovery is a critical yet underdeveloped pillar in the global fight against corruption, particularly in regions with complex transnational illicit flows such as Southeast Asia. This study analyzes the asset recovery frameworks of five ASEAN member states—Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand—through the normative lens of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), with a focus on Chapters IV and V. Employing a comparative legal methodology supported by doctrinal analysis and policy review, the research reveals significant asymmetries in the adoption of non-conviction-based asset forfeiture (NCBAF), institutional mandates, and the effectiveness of mutual legal assistance (MLA). While Singapore and Malaysia exhibit relatively advanced and well-coordinated mechanisms, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand face legal, procedural, and political constraints that hinder the efficient recovery of stolen assets. The absence of a regional coordination mechanism, such as a dedicated ASEAN Asset Recovery Office or platform, exacerbates these limitations. Drawing from the legal gaps and institutional fragmentation identified, this paper proposes the establishment of an ASEAN Asset Recovery Mechanism (AARM) to enhance cross-border cooperation, standardize procedural frameworks, and promote regional harmonization aligned with UNCAC principles. The findings contribute to the evolving discourse on transnational anti-corruption strategies and highlight the urgency of institutional innovation in the Global South.
Legal Comparison of the Regulation of Chaperones in Intimate Medical Examinations in Indonesia and the United Kingdom: An Analysis of Patients' Rights and Medical Ethics
This article examines the legal and ethical regulation of medical chaperones during intimate physical examinations, focusing on two contrasting jurisdictions: Indonesia and the United Kingdom. While chaperones are widely acknowledged in medical ethics as instruments for protecting patient dignity, autonomy, and safety, their legal status varies significantly across health systems. Indonesia currently lacks explicit statutory or ethical regulation mandating the use of chaperones, resulting in inconsistent practices and limited protection for patients and healthcare professionals alike. In contrast, the United Kingdom has established a robust framework through the General Medical Council, NHS institutional policies, and jurisprudence, where chaperone use is a formalized component of clinical governance. Using a normative and comparative legal methodology, this study analyzes constitutional principles, statutory instruments, and professional codes in both countries, supported by the ethical framework of biomedical ethics. The findings reveal a regulatory gap in Indonesia that undermines patient protection and propose a rights-based model of convergence—anchored in constitutional values and culturally contextualized—for integrating chaperone use into Indonesian medical law and practice. The article concludes by offering a six-pillar reform framework involving legal codification, ethical amendment, contextual implementation, education, institutional policy, and cultural engagement.
Classification of Protected Areas as a Mechanism for Biodiversity Conservation in Aquatic Environments
Aquatic environments are rich in unique biodiversity that cannot be found elsewhere. However, these environments face numerous severe environmental violations that threaten this biodiversity’s existence. In response, legislators have adopted various mechanisms to preserve biodiversity in these environments. One of the most effective and efficient of these is the classification of protected areas. This research paper will explore the procedures for classifying protected areas, their role in safeguarding biodiversity in aquatic environments and the legal protection of these areas as a means of conserving biodiversity.
Legal Protection for the Environmental Refugee Under the Rules of International Law
The environmental refugee is a relatively new term that has emerged on the global stage in the context of climate change. However, the rules of international law have not yet recognized this phenomenon. This is what drives us, through this article, to explore the limits of legal protection for the environmental refugee—a matter that has become extremely difficult due to the lack of a precise and comprehensive definition of the environmental refugee on the one hand, and the lack of recognition of the right of asylum by the competent international bodies on the other. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.712
The Cost of Staying Too Long: Burnout, Disengagement, and Job Dissatisfaction
The 21st century workplace has experienced a significant shift in the way we work, with an increasing number of remote, hybrid and flexible work models. However, as much as these work arrangements offer us the freedom to work from anywhere, they may deprive us of the cognitive and psychological stimulation we need to be creative and innovative. This paper will discuss the psychological and performance costs of prolonged exposure to a fixed work environment, whether remote or onsite, such as burnout, disengagement, and productivity decline. The paper will draw on transdisciplinary studies and examples to show that humans are highly sensitive to environmental and social variations and that a healthy rhythm of change is essential for creative thinking and high performance. The paper will also emphasize the importance of lifelong learning, job rotation, and purposeful disruption to prevent stagnation. Finally, the paper will explore the implications for the national innovation and competitiveness and will call for a rethinking of our work models to better balance flexibility with human needs for meaningful interactions and novelty, and to invest in individual and organizational strategies that promote adaptability, creativity and long-term growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.717
Algorithmic Governance and Data Protection in Algerian Smart Cities: An Analysis of Law 18-07
Algeria’s transition into a data-driven society is anchored in Law No. 18-07 and its 2025 modernization, which seeks alignment with international standards like the GDPR. However, the rapid deployment of AI-driven smart cities introduces complex socio-technical risks, including algorithmic discrimination and affinity profiling, that challenge existing regulatory boundaries. This paper analyzes the efficacy of Algeria’s legal and institutional architecture in mitigating these automated harms within urban governance. The research finds that while the framework demonstrates high formal convergence with global models, it is fundamentally undermined by the lack of an explicit right to an explanation, the absence of proxy-based anti-discrimination rules, and the broad exclusion of national security data from oversight. Furthermore, the National Authority (ANPDP) faces persistent implementation hurdles due to an institutional technical expertise gap required for auditing complex AI systems. Ultimately, the study characterizes the framework as partially adequate but structurally insufficient. It proposes a strategic roadmap for legislative reform and technical capacity building to ensure substantive algorithmic accountability
The world is witnessing a rapid technological development that has greatly transformed individuals’ lifestyles and the nature of social relationships among them. Modern means of communication have imposed a new form of human interaction characterized by superficiality and weak cohesion, leading to the noticeable emergence of the phenomenon of social alienation. This is reflected in the individual’s feeling of isolation and disconnection from their surroundings, withdrawal from social participation, and a weakened sense of belonging to society. Moreover, economic and living pressures, along with individuals’ preoccupation with life’s burdens, have contributed to reducing genuine human relationships, especially within the family. The seriousness of this phenomenon lies in its negative impact on social cohesion, as it fosters individualism and the decline of social values. Therefore, it has become essential to confront social alienation by promoting human communication values, strengthening family bonds, and encouraging collective activities that restore individuals’ sense of belonging and active participation in social life.
Environmental Taxation as a Mechanism to Reduce the Risk of Pollution
Taxation occupies an important place within the state, and its significance has become associated with the field of environmental protection, such that tax levies constitute a fundamental pillar that enters this domain within a legal framework that guarantees optimal protection of the environment. This is evident in the state’s establishment—within the framework of tax law—of environmental taxation, manifested in the various taxes and fees imposed across all sectors, in accordance with what the provisions and rules of this law authorize. The rules of this law aim primarily to realize the public interest. It is also well known that the state’s objective in collecting monetary sums is to supply the public treasury with the necessary revenues; likewise, in response to the requirements of environmental protection, it seeks—through the mechanism of environmental taxation—to manage environmental resources and preserve the environment.
The Algerian legislator was keen to prove marriage to protect the Algerian family
To preserve rights from being lost, the Family Law stipulates the necessity of registering marriage contracts and registering them in the civil status records, as customary marriage is a social phenomenon that is increasing day by day. This prompted many legal and practical problems regarding the issue of proving it.In order to confront these problems, the Supreme Court decided to establish customary marriage, and to consider it valid as soon as it fulfills its legal conditions. The Civil Status Law and the Civil and Administrative Procedures Law regulated the procedures for proving and registering customary marriage contracts.From here, the importance of the subject appears, which necessitated a search for the legal mechanisms established by the Algerian legislator to prove marriage.
Social Factors in Shaping Career Awareness and Readiness of Saudi Youth for the Labor Market: An Applied Study on Students of Al-Leith University College
This study explores the transition from university education to the labor market from a sociological perspective that emphasizes the social and cultural dimensions shaping young people’s career awareness, moving beyond traditional economic explanations. It aims to analyze the gap in socio-professional capital among students at Al-Leith University College by examining their reliance on social sources of information (family, friends, the internet, and the college) in constructing their career perceptions and readiness for labor market integration. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing data collected through a validated electronic questionnaire administered to a stratified sample representing various academic disciplines and levels. The findings revealed variations in the roles of social sources in shaping career awareness: the family emerged as the primary source for transmitting professional values and defining the symbolic status of occupations, while the internet provided a space for digital empowerment and expanding professional alternatives. In contrast, the college demonstrated a limited institutional role in career guidance and counseling. The results indicate that the challenge lies not in the scarcity of career information but in the weak coordination among social influence systems shaping youth choices, leading to a gap between traditional references and the requirements of the modern labor market. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.754
Aligning AI Regulatory Approaches: Multi- Layered Frameworks and Social Justice in the EU, US, and India
The review article examines the comparative governance of artificial intelligence (AI) in the European Union, the United States, and India, focusing on various issues such as liability, bias, privacy, and AI use in judicial processes, while attending to legal, ethical, and social justice considerations. There are distinct regulatory strategies for the working of AI systems. in each jurisdiction. The EU has introduced a comprehensive AI Act with a risk- based, rights-oriented regime. The United States relies on a decentralized, agency-led model grounded in sectoral oversight and standards. India, is still formulating AI governance guidelines that emphasizes on the areas of innovation and inclusion. Despite these divergent frameworks, common concerns emerge around ensuring algorithmic accountability, protection of privacy and individual rights, preserving public trust, and preventing any discriminatory outcomes. Based on these outcomes, the paper proposes a novel multi-layered regulatory framework that deals with the integration of statutory regulation, ethical guidelines, and oversight mechanisms across different levels of governance. This approach harmonizes substantive aspect with practicality, balances innovation with accountability, and embeds ethical and social justice principles into AI regulation. By bridging these dimensions, the framework aims to ensure robust framework on liability, mitigation of bias efficiently, protection of data privacy, and responsible use of AI in judicial arena. The comparative analysis emphasize the need for cohesive AI governance that adapts to different legal systems along with the upholding common principles of justice and accountability.
The Legal Nature of the Certificate of Possession Established under Article 39 of the Real Estate Guidance Law.
Considering the legal status of private property ownership after independence, most properties lack documentation and contracts. To address this issue, the Algerian legislator introduced the Certificate of Possession under Article 39 of Law No. 90-25 on real estate guidance, as amended and supplemented. This allows individuals who possess real estate without a written contract or land survey to obtain a Certificate of Possession, provided they meet certain conditions. This certificate is issued by the mayor of the municipality in which the property is located. The Certificate of Possession also encourages and promotes agricultural investment, as the Algerian legislator has granted the possessor the right to obtain building and demolition permits, as well as bank loans.
Uses of modern technology in litigation in Algerian legislation
In response to developments in information and communication technology, judicial systems have sought to keep pace with progress, particularly following the global implementation of social distancing and lockdown measures in the wake of the 2019–2020 pandemic. This has resulted in judicial services being provided online and cases being managed through digital spaces via electronic litigation
The Limits of Expanding Criminalization in Contemporary Criminal Law in Light of Human Security
The expansion of criminalization occurs when legal provisions defining additional conduct as criminal proliferate, irrespective of existing criminal law’s adequate sufficiency to deter, control, and remedy conduct already criminalized. Contemporary societies have witnessed global debates to extend criminalization to new offenses, which elicit attention from multiple academic scholars. Governments then seek legal instruments to promote justice and security in society. The effects are favorable or otherwise. Empirical analysis of selected jurisdictions worldwide reveals that an expansion of criminalization, both preventive and prohibitive, empowers the existing criminal law to deter offenses relating to public integrity, drug abuse, juristic organizations, and cybercrime. Such measures, in contrast to decriminalization, sit proportionately, supplying public safety services to humanity.
The role of civil justice in achieving a balance between freedom of the press and the right to private life
Although achieving a balance between freedom of the press and the right to private life is a delicate and difficult matter—given that both rights rise to the level of constitutional principles and enjoy equal legal force—civil protection of the right to private life against press infringements nonetheless achieves a certain degree of balance, despite its lack of deterrent effect, particularly in halting an infringement once it has begun or preventing it before it occurs through the adoption of preventive measures provided for in comparative legislation. Nor can the role of compensation for such infringements be denied, especially where the infringement is of a significant nature.
The Role of Digital Transformation in Modernizing Local Administration in Algeria
For several decades, the world has been experiencing a massive technological revolution driven by developments in information and communication technologies. Human beings have increasingly come to rely on technology in all aspects of their daily lives, due to the numerous advantages and benefits it offers, which have enhanced its importance within society. In this context, most countries around the world have moved toward integrating and incorporating modern technology into their various economic, social, political, administrative, and organizational interventions. Administration, in particular, represents the apparatus through which the state implements its policies across all sectors, serving as a functional extension of the state itself. The Algerian government has not remained outside this technological momentum and its applications across different ministerial sectors, including the Ministry of Interior, Local Authorities, and Transport. Digital transformation in local administration constitutes a fundamental factor in enabling local communities to transition toward an operational model based on digital technologies for modernizing their functions, delivering services, and improving their quality. It represents a shift from a traditional bureaucratic environment to a modern environment centered on digitization. Achieving this objective is primarily linked to the availability of adequate digital capabilities. However, the path toward digital transformation within local communities faces several challenges—human, administrative, financial, technological, and others—especially in light of the necessity to adapt to global developments and openness within a strategic framework of cooperation with various partners and stakeholders interacting with different levels of the administrative sector.
The Relationship Between the Constitutional Court and the Electoral System in Algeria -An Analytical Study-
The Algerian Constitutional Court is considered one of the most important independent oversight institutions, tasked with ensuring respect for the Constitution, and exercising certain competencies that are connected to other constitutional institutions and bodies, such as the National Independent Authority for Elections tasked with ensuring respect for the transparency of the electoral process across its various stages. The scope of the Constitutional Court’s intervention in its relationship with the independent authority is determined through the provisions of the Organic Law on Elections 21-01, as an institution that exercises both prior and subsequent oversight over elections of a national character.
The Historical Development of Women's Law-abiding Behaviour in Traditional Islamic Law - Two Portraits of Hind bint Utbah
Hind bint Utbah, as the mother of the first Umayyad ruler, Mu'awiya, embodies the ideal of a Muslim woman in Islamic law. Yet her person hides contradictions, as in legal sources, such as the hadiths, she appears not only with this face, but also as her own legal counterpoint as a jāhiliyyah woman. The two figures always appear separated from each other, in different stories, not compared to each other, symbolizing the distance between pre-Islamic barbarism and the social relations regulated by Islam. This is of paramount importance in the field of law-abiding, as the constant presence and separation of the contrast places worlds that are historically distant into the present, since far from the rule of Islamic law, the world of Jāhiliyyah still exist - according to Islamic principles. This serves as a guide for Muslim women in the individual's internal struggle, in the true, voluntary and internal realization of following the law, so that they can integrate their entire personality into the social and moral order regulated by Islamic law through the archetype of the Muslim woman in accordance with the teachings of the Quran
The Application of Telework and Its Role in Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Algerian University Teachers Amid Current Technical and Social Challenges
This study sought to investigate the role that implementing timework plays in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior among Algerian university teachers , while also identifying the most prominent advantages and disadvantages of telework as experienced by this specific group; furthermore, the research endeavored to uncover the current reality of both telework and organizational citizenship within the Algerian university context, and to achieve these aims, we adopted a forward-looking, prospective study approach, allowing for a more profound examination of the variables of telework and organizational citizenship, thereby extrapolating the general trends regarding the obstacles hindering their effective application and exploring potential strategies to overcome these challenges, with the most significant findings of the study emerging as follows: first, that the implementation of telework demonstrably contributes to the improvement of organizational citizenship behavior amongst Algerian university teachers ; second, the study successfully identified the key advantages and disadvantages of telework for this academic population; and third, it provided a clearer understanding of the actual state and interplay of telework and organizational citizenship within the fabric of Algerian higher education institutions.
From Nature to Algorithm: The Evolution and Integration of Natural (Eco-Friendly) Dyes, Foods, and Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Print Design
This paper explores the evolving landscape of natural dyes, with special focus on their historic, scientific, and practical ties to both foodstuffs and modern printmaking. Against the backdrop of mounting environmental and ethical challenges associated with synthetic dyes, the research retraces the journey of natural dyes from ancient civilization to contemporary sustainable practice, delves into innovative extraction and printing methodologies, and critically assesses the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) with natural dye formulation, quality control, and design. A vision for the AI-enabled future of dyeing and printmaking—where tradition meets technological stewardship—is articulated, integrating data, case studies, and regulatory context. The goal is to map pathways for the conscientious and technologically-augmented use of natural colorants in design, industry, and culture.
The Algerian legislator has focused on regulating e-commerce in Law 18-05. Nevertheless, Algeria still faces many challenges that hinder its broader adoption. This urges the country to seek to maximise its benefits and accelerate its transition by overcoming the obstacles to implementation. This research paper therefore addresses the reality of e-commerce in Algeria. This topic is important because e-commerce is a new and general subject that offers good investment opportunities for individuals and enterprises of all sizes, not to mention the increased speed of online financial transactions, whether between individuals or organisations, which undoubtedly impacts the economy as a whole.
The Future of International Law amid the Structural and Substantive Challenges of the International System
This article examines the major contemporary challenges confronting international law in its effort to regulate relations among the various actors within the international system. The continuous transformations—particularly in the structural configurations of the international order—have generated fundamental challenges for international law. These can be summarized in two main aspects. The first concerns the challenges arising from structural shifts in the architecture of the international system, which have affected some of the long-established principles of international law, such as the nation-state and sovereignty, in addition to the law’s inability to adequately accommodate new actors emerging within the international arena. The second aspect pertains to conceptual and practical challenges, foremost among them the Western intellectual dominance over the conceptualization and philosophical foundations of international law, as well as the United States’ antagonistic stance toward many of its norms and institutions.
The Principle of Separation of Powers in Light of the Algerian Constitutional Amendment of 2020.
Democratic countries tend to adopt the principle of separation of powers due to its impact on strengthening the rule of law and protecting citizens’ fundamental rights and freedoms. Different approaches have developed around this principle, all emphasizing the importance of preventing power from being held by one person alone. The British and American systems are among the most important political models. Like other political systems, Algeria’s constitutional founders adopted the principle of separation of powers, seeking to strike a balance between parliamentary and presidential systems in order to manage state interests more flexibly.
Hybrid Wars and the Reshaping of the Global Security System
This study reviews the concept of hybrid wars and compares it to traditional wars. It examines how both types of war have contributed to the reshaping of the global security system. The aim is to highlight the characteristics of these wars and the threat they pose to global security and stability. The methodology employed involves reviewing relevant academic literature and presenting real-life examples related to these wars, as well as the use of specific defence strategies within the framework of the global security system. The research concludes that these wars transcend national and regional boundaries and affect societal existence. This necessitates a re-evaluation of how states can defend themselves and protect societal security.
Particularity of Procedural and Penal Systems in Embezzlement Crimes: An Analytical Study in Light of Law No. 06-01 Related to the Prevention and Fight Against Corruption, and the Provisions of Law No. 25-14 Concerning the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Corruption crimes, embezzlement in particular, are one of the most significant challenges facing modern states due to their negative impact on the national economy, institutional stability and public trust in administration. In recognition of the severity of these crimes and the need to combat them, Algerian legislators adopted a criminal policy emphasising intensified criminalisation and punishment, accompanied by extraordinary follow-up procedures. This policy was primarily embodied in Article 119 of the Penal Code, prior to its repeal and replacement by Article 29 of Law No. 06-01 concerning the prevention and fight against corruption, as amended and supplemented. This law also makes the procedural aspects of this crime subject to the general rules set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure, particularly following the enactment of Law No. 25-14. However, despite the existence of legislation at both the international and national levels to prevent and combat corruption crimes, this crime has not been mitigated, as evidenced by the scale of embezzlement and judicial prosecutions. Therefore, it is essential that all state institutions — legislative, executive and judicial — combine their efforts in re-evaluating the provisions of the law on the prevention and fight against corruption, enacting laws that consider severity and rigour, and removing all restrictions on the Public Prosecution’s freedom to initiate legal action in cases of corruption without being limited by any complaint.
International Parental Abduction of Children (A Study in Light of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction)
One of the most significant issues arising from the divorce between couples of different nationalities is the dispute between parents over child custody rights. Such disputes may escalate to the extent that one parent unlawfully removes or retains the child across international borders, thereby depriving the other parent of custody and visitation rights. In order to avoid the psychological and social repercussions of cross-border abduction on the child’s stability and on his or her relationship and bond with both parents, States have concluded numerous international conventions. Among the most prominent in this field is the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, concluded on 25 October 1980, which seeks to address and put an end to violations of legally established custody and access rights by ensuring the prompt return of the child to the State of his or her habitual residence through cooperation among the authorities of the Contracting States.
Digital Transformation in the Monetary and Banking Sector: “Digital Banks as a Model”
Digital banks are among the most modern topics in the Algerian banking field in particular and the international one in general, due to the highly advanced systems and technologies on which they rely, enabling them to provide their services in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. This results in attracting a large number of customers and thus eliminating the problem of cash liquidity, leading to the achievement of sustainable economic growth. Through this paper, I aim to shed light on the legal framework of digital banks and the extent of its adequacy in addressing the legal and technical issues arising from the banking transactions they conduct.
Structural Genocide as an Institutionalized Practice in Settler Colonialism: The Case of the 2023 Gaza War
This study examines the concept of structural genocide as one of the structural practices adopted by settler-colonial regimes in their quest to dismantle indigenous groups and destroy the elements of their physical and moral existence. Genocide here is not limited to direct mass murder, but is embodied in organized policies that target the political, economic, educational and cultural infrastructures and institutions of the society under control, thereby weakening its ability to continue as an independent entity and transforming it into a marginal group of the colonial center. In the Palestinian context, especially in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank after October 7, 2023, structural genocide is manifested in its clearest form, as it intertwined with genocide in a war that continues to this day, and in which modern tools were used, including artificial intelligence, the destruction of infrastructure, and the militarization of humanitarian aid as part of a systematic project to re-engineer Palestinian society spatially and demographically. Facts on the ground and political analyses reveal that what happened in Gaza was not a conventional war but rather an organized structural extermination, using killing, starvation, and forced displacement as tools to dismantle society and turn it into a group incapable of reproducing itself. It was also embodied in the West Bank through dismemberment, the destruction of camps, and the political and economic undermining of the Palestinian Authority. In this way, the Zionist project is reproduced in its most modern form, based on the denial of the Palestinian existence rather than merely controlling it
Integrating Indigenous Normative Systems into Environmental Health Governance in Western Sahara: A Public Law Perspective
Effective enforcement of environmental health regulations is a fundamental aspect of public law, ensuring both community welfare and environmental protection. In Western Sahara, traditional knowledge has historically guided the stewardship of natural resources, promoting coexistence between humans and their surroundings. This study explores how the integration of customary practices into legal frameworks affects compliance with environmental health norms. Employing a normative legal approach, the research examined local initiatives for managing water sources, drainage systems, and communal sanitation. Findings reveal that law enforcement relies not only on formal regulatory mechanisms but also on education and guidance provided by community leaders, which strengthens awareness of legal obligations and environmental responsibility. Traditional sanctions further function as social deterrents, reinforcing compliance through collective values and moral accountability. The study concludes that local wisdom significantly facilitates voluntary adherence to environmental laws. Communities actively participate in maintaining environmental infrastructure and engage in collective initiatives without formal compulsion. Embedding indigenous practices into public law frameworks enhances legal effectiveness, strengthens participatory governance, and supports sustainable environmental management. The findings underscore that incorporating indigenous practices within public law frameworks not only enhances compliance but also operationalizes constitutional principles of environmental protection and community-based governance.
Rethinking Judicial Reform in Indonesia: A Digital Civil Procedure Perspective
The research examines the changing landscape of Indonesia's judicial reform through the lens of “digital civil procedure”, a framework that captures how technology and information change the administration of civil justice. The study emphasizes the importance of the traffic rule, which regulates the shift of dispute resolution from a physical courtroom to digital platforms such as e‑Court, e‑Civil, and e‑Mediation. It also highlights the role of the information rule, a set of regulatory rules governing how data is produced, managed, and distributed within a digitized dispute‑resolution environment. Together, these regulatory frameworks represent a significant step in the judiciary’s broader political reform agenda. The study deploys a doctrinal legal method with a chronological analysis of the institution to map key regulatory developments, including the implementation of the Case Tracking Information System (SIPP), simplified litigation and electronic mediation, and assesses their impact on institutional functions, judicial powers and access to justice. The results show that digital civil procedure represents the shift from structural reforms in the judiciary to functional models that make technology a central instrument for improving efficiency, transparency and administrative surveillance. At the same time, new challenges are posed, such as discrepancies in access to digital technologies, risks to procedural equity, and growing tensions between procedural innovations of courts and static provisions of traditional civil procedural law. The study concludes that Indonesia's path to modern justice depends not only on the adoption of technology, but also on the development of a coherent regulatory protection system, a data governance framework, and an inclusive digital infrastructure capable of ensuring that the efficiency of technology does not undermine the basic and procedural ideals of civil justice.
The Application of Telework and its Role in Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Algerian University Teachers Amid Current Technical and Social Challenges
Startups: A Leading Economic Model for Supporting Economic Development
This study seeks to demonstrate the importance of startups in achieving economic development amid the transformations taking place in the global economy toward a knowledge- and innovation-based economy. Startups have become one of the most important driving forces of economic growth because of their ability to develop innovative solutions based on modern technology and knowledge. The study aims to highlight the role these institutions play in supporting the economy through job creation, the promotion of innovation and technological advancement, and their contribution to the diversification of the national economy. It also sheds light on the impact of startups in fostering economic growth and increasing productivity, in addition to their role in attracting investment and improving the business environment. This study was conducted to highlight the extent of the contribution of these institutions to supporting the transition toward the digital economy and the knowledge economy, as they are among the most important pillars of economic development in the modern era. The article concluded that supporting startups represents a strategic option for achieving sustainable economic development and enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy.
Divorce and Female Entrepreneurship: Between Source of Motivation and Societal Constraints
This article investigates the relationship between divorce and female entrepreneurship in Algeria, focusing on divorced women operating in the handicraft sector in the wilaya of Tizi-Ouzou. While divorce is typically framed as a private or legal event, this study conceptualizes it as a structural rupture with profound social, economic, symbolic, and identity consequences. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted in 2025 with ten divorced women entrepreneurs, the research examines how divorce functions simultaneously as a catalyst for economic initiative and as a mechanism reinforcing structural inequalities. Anchored in a socio-constructivist feminist framework and informed by Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic violence, intersectionality theory, feminist economics, and embeddedness theory, the article analyzes how gendered habitus, social stigma, limited social capital, and institutional norms shape entrepreneurial trajectories. Findings demonstrate that female entrepreneurship in this context is primarily necessity-driven, emerging as a survival strategy following economic vulnerability and weak institutional support in addition to the pressure of society. However, entrepreneurial practices remain embedded within systems of male domination, moral surveillance, and restricted mobility. The study argues that divorced women’s entrepreneurship constitutes a paradoxical space: a site of resilience and partial emancipation that simultaneously reproduces gender hierarchies. By integrating marital status into entrepreneurship studies, the article contributes to sociological debates on gendered economic agency in post-divorce contexts.
Modern Investigation and Inquiry Methods in Algerian Criminal Procedure Law
The amended Criminal Procedure Code grants judicial police officers broad investigative powers, including exceptional measures that affect constitutional rights and require legal safeguards. Traditional tools proved inadequate against evolving transnational and cybercrime. Recent reforms introduced special techniques to strengthen enforcement while ensuring oversight, aligning national procedures with international standards.
Legal Frameworks And Accountability Mechanisms For Preventing Arbitrary Detention In Immigration Enforcement
Arbitrary detention in immigration enforcement has remained one of the primary concerns that collide with human rights, characterizing a violation of the right to liberty and freedom, hence, challenging the principles of due process, fairness, and the rule of law. Therefore, the current study has explored the topic from an international outlook by inspecting the existing legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms for preventing arbitrary detention in immigration enforcement. It was noted that international policies/frameworks like the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (UDHR), the “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” (ICCPR), and the “Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment” (CAT) all advocate for the prevention of arbitrary detention, clearly defining it as a violation of human rights which is subject to legal procedures. Besides, multiple other international conventions for the rights of migrants have also dictated that the migrants should not be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention that goes against the law or violate human rights by challenging their freedom and liberty. Overall, the present work has outlined distinct facets of arbitrary detention in immigration enforcement expanding on the international legal dialogues and accountability mechanisms for preventing such arrests. The study suggests that by embracing alternatives to detention, strengthening oversight mechanisms, and promoting dialogue and cooperation at the national, regional, and international levels, stakeholders can work together to ensure that immigration enforcement upholds fundamental principles of fairness, justice, and respect for human rights, thereby fostering a more inclusive and humane approach to managing migration.
The Role of the Financial Intelligence Unit in Combating Corruption and promoting the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals
The Financial Intelligence Unit plays a pivotal role in combating corruption and money laundering, and indirectly contributes to achieving sustainable development goals by promoting transparency and economic stability. The following is a comparative analysis of Algeria, Morocco, France, and the United States. This study concluded that the Financial Intelligence Unit is affiliated with the Ministry of Finance in most countries, given its effective role in curbing corruption and achieving sustainable development goals by protecting public funds from misuse and embezzlement through illicit means such as money laundering.
The Lawyer’s Rights under the Algerian New Code of Criminal ProcedureA Contemporary Analysis in Light of Modern Criminal Justice Trends
In legal doctrine, the right to defense is viewed as inseparable from the act of accusation: wherever an accusation exists, so too does the right to defense, and justice cannot be achieved without it. This principle is firmly established in international agreements, various national constitutions, and relevant domestic laws. In contemporary legal systems, this principle is increasingly interpreted in light of digital justice and procedural transparency, ensuring that technological tools do not undermine defense guarantees but rather enhance them. There exists a close connection between the rights of the defense and the rights of the lawyer, as the right to defense is an inherent and original right of the accused. This is evident in the notification of charges, the right to legal assistance, and the right to present evidence. Today, this connection extends to the lawyer’s role in handling digital evidence and safeguarding procedural fairness in algorithm-assisted investigations. On the other hand, the rights of the lawyer serve as a practical extension of the rights of the defense, providing the necessary professional tools for the accused to effectively exercise their right to defense. This understanding led the First President of the Court of Cassation in France during the reign of Louis XV to state: “The legal profession is as ancient as the judiciary, as noble as virtue, and as necessary as justice”. Nowadays, these tools include access to electronic case files, participation in virtual hearings, and the ability to challenge automated decision-making processes in criminal justice systems. To explore the rights of the lawyer under Law No.25-14 related to the Code of Criminal Procedure, we have organized this work into two primary sections. The first section addresses the rights of the lawyer during the inquiry and investigation phases, while the second section discusses the rights of the lawyer during the trial and execution phases, concluding with a summary that presents a series of findings and recommendation. This analytical structure also allows for integrating comparative perspectives and assessing how Algerian reforms align with emerging global standards in digital and procedural justice. Throughout, we situate Algeria’s changes within international and comparative contexts (e.g., UN Basic Principles on Role of Lawyers, EU directives on defense rights) to show how the Code aligns with global fair-trial standards. The reform largely strengthens defense guarantees, yet certain limitations remain (for example, delayed access in terrorism-related cases). The conclusion offers recommendations for further harmonization with international norms and suggests areas for future empirical research on implementation.